*d^hóh₁-/d^hh₁-´⁽ⁱ⁾

This lexeme is attested over 80 times in inscriptions from Maraş, Tabal, Karkamiš, Konya, Emirgazi, Commagene, Malatya, Tell Ahmar, Assur, Cilicia and the Amuq, dating from the 13^th to the early 7^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

The above table offers a representative selection, omitting broken attestations.

[A.P.]

One of the basic level verbs, the meaning of this word is quite broad and has been clear for a long time (see e.g. HHG:134f. and Laroche 1960c:40). Earlier, Meriggi 1934b:162 had assigned a more specialised meaning, ‘to donate, give’ (“stiften, spenden, geben”), which came out of the inscriptions he studied for this first glossary. The verb was again studied in detail by Morpurgo Davies 1987a:207-211 and compared to its CLuw., Lyc. cognates and Hittite dāi-/-i(ya)-^(ḫi) ‘to put’.

Due to its semantic range, the verb is used in a variety of different contexts. A frequently attested combination sees /tuwa-/ used in clauses similar to HAMA 4, §7: wa/i-ta (DEUS)pa-ha-la-ti-i-sà á-ma-za-ha-a á-lá/í-ma-za PONERE-ha, approx. /wa=tta Pahalattis(a) amman=za=ha alaman=za tuwahha/, translating as ‘(But I built this seat for Ba’alat) and put Ba’alat’s and my name (on it)’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:405).

Paired with a preverb, the meaning of the verb can be altered, cf. e.g. the addition of /anni/ ‘with, for, to’ in ASSUR letter e, §22, which follows after a string of clauses with trade-related orders: a-wa/i OMNIS.MI-za CUM-ni PONERE-u, approx. /a=wa taniman=za anni tu/, meaning ‘and put (it) all together’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:536). The preverb /zalan/, whose meaning is not entirely clear, occurs exclusively with /tuwa-⁽ⁱ⁾/, e.g. in KARKAMIŠ A13a-c, §3 as part of a curse formula protasis naming possible damaging actions: ní-pa-wa/i+ra/i za-la-na PONERE-wa/i-ia, approx. /niba=wa=ada zalan tuwaya/, ‘or if (someone) puts it aside(?)’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:168).

[AH.B.]

This verb represents a stem in /-a-⁽ⁱ⁾/, i.e. using the endings of the ḫi-conjugation after a thematic vowel. Probably opaque to speakers of HLuw., the stem is hypothesised to originate from the older 1pl. pres. act. of what used to be a root verb and is still there in Hittite dāi-/-i(ya)-^(ḫi) ‘to put’ (see Sasseville 2021a:361-363 with references and 434 for the detailed phonological development). The etymological relation at root level is doubted by Yakubovich 2016b:475 n. 45; cf. under Reconstruction.

[AH.B.]

This lexeme is attested in various ritual texts (CTH 759, 763, 764, 766, 770) and a song of Ištanuwa (CTH 773).

[O.B.]

The Ištanuwa form tu-u-wa-˹a˺ is less certain. There is no space after the preceding mi-mi-en of uncertain meaning (CLL:148, see also CLuw. mimi-).

Note the contraction -uwa- > -ū- in the form du-ú-un-du used on KUB 35.70.

[O.B.]

All forms have been checked against the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv), except for Privat 40 (see Sasseville 2021b:177).

[O.B.]

As demonstrated by Meriggi 1957a:200f., the usage of CLuw. dūwa-⁽ⁱ⁾ is equivalent to Hitt. dāi-/-i(ya)-^(hi) ‘to put’ and the meaning must thus be ‘to put, place, etc.’ (thus also Laroche 1959a:100, Morpurgo Davies 1987a:207-211, Starke 1990a:380, CLL:238, Sasseville 2021a:361). CLuw. dūwa-⁽ⁱ⁾ occurs with a variety of direct objects, e.g. a child placed onto his mother’s breast (KUB 35.103 iii 6), but many of unsecure semantics (e.g. ḫuwalwinza, parlain, etc.). By comparison to the direct cognate Lyc. tuwe-^(ti) the semantics should perhaps be specified to vertical placement.

CLuw. dūwa-⁽ⁱ⁾ is attested with the preverb anda ‘in, into’ on KUB 35.107 iii 19.

[O.B.]

The assignment as a stem in -a-⁽ⁱ⁾ is strictly based on comparison to HLuw. /tuwa-⁽ⁱ⁾/ and Lyc. tuwe-^(ti). In principle, the stem could be either in -a-⁽ⁱ⁾ or an unleniting a-stem, but the perfect formal and semantic match with the comparanda justify assuming -a-⁽ⁱ⁾.

[O.B.]

1. duwatna-

This verb is attested on numerous inscriptions found throughout Lycia.

[O.B.]

Note the absence of an expected final a in tuẉ^?ax on TL 29.15.

[O.B.]

Tekoğlu 2006a:1706 proposes to read turax instead of tuwax on TL 29.15, but the provided image is of too low quality to make any final judgments.

[O.B.]

The meaning of Lyc. tuwe- is relatively clear, owing to its many attestations. The verb generally takes concrete objects such as stelae, sarcophagi, statues, and altars, but may also be used with abstract nouns such as laws (mara ebeija ‘these laws’ on N 320.33 with epi, and maybe hlm̃mi ‘addition (?)’ on TL 88.4, TL 93.3). In its concrete meaning, tuwe-^(ti) denotes placing objects vertically. This contrasts with Lyc. ta-^(di), which is used to describe horizontal placement (DLL:74, Sasseville 2021a:379). Thus, a base meaning ‘to place (vertically)’ is given here, which may summarize previous translations such as ‘to erect’, ‘to set up’, etc. (Thomsen 1899a:53, Pedersen 1945a:31, Heubeck 1959a:53-56, Neumann 1961a:56, Gusmani 1964a:94, Laroche 1967a:57, Morpurgo Davies 1987a:209, Schürr 2005a:153, Neumann 2007a:393). To account for the abstract meaning in legal contexts, a secondary meaning ‘to establish’ is also given (Stoltenberg 1959b:40, Laroche 1979c:77, Morpurgo Davies 1987a:209).

For a suggested additional sense ‘to dedicate’, see Bugge 1897a:41, Meriggi 1936b:281, Heubeck 1959a:53-56, Heubeck 1981a:169 and Morpurgo Davies 1987a:209.

Lyc. tuwe-^(ti) may be construed with the preverbs epi (N 320.33, TL 27.2, TL 44a.20) and epñ (TL 27.2, TL 28.1, TL 51.1, TL 72).

[O.B.]

Lyc. tuwe-^(ti) is an e-stem verb and exclusively takes unlenited endings.

[O.B.]

1. tus-^(ti)
2. Tuwala- (PN) (Adiego 2014a)

1. tus-^(ti)
2. tuwẽme(/i)-
3. titbe-^(ti)

This lexeme is attested in a decree from the Artemision at Sardis that has recently been accurately dated to 542-41 BCE (Euler & Sasseville 2019a:134).

[D.S.]

The segmentation of the word dacuwerst has been very much debated. Bossert 1944a:131 suggested da-cuwers=t (with =t as a copulative particle), followed by some scholars (see Gérard 2005a:104 n. 695 with further literature), although there is no copulative particle =t. Analysis as a nominal form in Schürr 2006b:1573 is not possible. This is partly modified by Yakubovich 2019c:309 n. 14, who takes the element =t as a locatival particle restricted to Wackernagel’s position and thus divides the clause into two, i.e. ess šyrmas qλdãnl artimuλ=k / dacuwers=t wintaṣ. This analysis is however contradicted by the last sentence of the inscription, where the form piferst cannot be sentence initial. Sasseville 2021a:382-385 (and Euler & Sasseville 2019a:131 n. 22) reconciles the two attestations by identifying the ending -rst as 3^rd singular preterit medio-passive, which yields a coherent analysis of the two passages; while dacuwerst is used passively, piferst is used medially.

[D.S.]

The subject of the verb dacuwerst is the temenos and the action is performed for two deities. The meaning ‘to dedicate’ was suggested for dacuwerst based on context already in Sayce 1925a:138. It was etymologically compared to Luw. /tuwa-⁽ⁱ⁾/ ‘to put, place’ and Lyc. tuwe-^(ti) ‘to place upright, set up’ holds water (cf. Gusmani 1964a:94). Yakubovich 2019c:309 n. 14 translates ‘to erect’ (and Sasseville 2021a:383 ‘to set up’) following the expected physical action that cuwe- must have, whereas Dusinberre 2003a:230 and Euler & Sasseville 2019a:132 keep the meaning ‘to dedicate’, which is more likely considering the presence of the preverb da-. Furthermore, Sasseville 2021a:384 points out that the preverb da- in this case is functionally equivalent to Lycian ñte tuwe- ‘to set up, dedicate’.

[D.S.]

For the Lydian verbal stem formation in -e-^(t)?, see Sasseville 2021a:382-387.

[D.S.]

1. cuni-

HEG T:19-23, EDHIL:806-809.