*d^héh₁-/d^hh₁-´

The Hittite form tē- ‘to speak’ found in the suppletive paradigm of tē-/tar-^(mi) ‘to speak’ has been reconstructed together with Lycian ta-^(di) ‘to place (horizontally)’ as *d^héh₁-/d^hh₁-´ (Eichner 1973a:80, Eichner 1979a:107-110, Melchert 1994a:294, Yoshida 1998a). Furthermore, Palaic te- ‘to place, call (?)’ can be added to this group, which makes the stem formation at least Proto-Anatolian. The primary formation must be considered parallel to PAnat. *d^hóh₁-/d^hh₁-´. This root verb can also be found in compounds, see PAnat. *u̯e-d^héh₁/d^hh₁-´ and PAnat. *u̯V-d^héh₁-/d^hh₁-´.

[D.S.]

PIE *d^heh₁- means ‘to put, place, set; to do, make, produce’, according to LIV²:136–138. Cf. also IEW:235, EIEC:472, Watkins 2011a:18.

The PIE root *d^heh₁- is the basis of a plethora of verbal and nominal formations. For an overview of the primary verbal stems, cf. LIV²:136–138. Best attested in the IE languages are, on the one hand, the reduplicated athematic present stem *d^hé-d^hoh₁-/*d^hé-d^hh₁- and, on the other hand, the root aorist *d^héh₁-/*d^hh₁-´. The present stem lives on, e.g., in Ved. dádhā-/dádh-, Av. dadā-/dad- < PIIr. *d^há-d^haH-/*d^há-d^hH-. In Greek, it was remodeled into an i-reduplicated type, with pre-PGk. *d^hí-d^heh₁-/*d^hí-d^hh₁- > Gk. τίθημι/τίθεμεν. For further traces of the PIE reduplicated present, cf. LIV²:136. The root aorist, PIE *d^héh₁-/*d^hh₁-´, has reflexes in Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, and Armenian. In Anatolian, it underlies the root verb PAnat. *d^héh₁-/*d^hh₁-´^(di) (see above sub PAnat. Reconstruction) > Hitt. tē- ‘to speak’, Lyc. ta-^(di) ‘to place’ (cf. also LIV²:136f.). Outside Anatolian cf., e.g., 3sg. ind./inj. act. Ved. ádhāt, OAv. dāt̰, OPers. adā, Gk. Boeot. (ἀν-)εθɛ̄ (beside regular ἔθη-κ-ε from a secondary k-extended stemBut cf., e.g., 1pl. ind. aor. act. ἔθεμεν < *é-d^hh₁-me° without k-extension.), Arm. ed < PIE *(é-)d^héh₁-t (LIV²:136f.). For further verbal formations, cf. LIV²:136–138. In Anatolian, there is yet another root verb, PAnat. *d^hóh₁‑/*d^hh₁‑´ ‘to put’, which belongs to the ḫi-conjugation and is continued by Hitt. dāi-/-i(ya)-^(ḫi) ‘id.’ and, with reanalysis of the stem, Luw. /tuwa-⁽ⁱ⁾/ ‘to put, set up’, Lyc. tuwe-^(ti) ‘to set up’, Lyd. cuwe- ‘id.’. – There are also numerous nominal formations based on *d^heh₁-; cf., among others, PIE *d^héh₁-men- n. (Ved. dhā́man- n. ‘seat, stay, basis, etc.’, OAv. dāman- n. ‘place, dwelling-place’, Gk. θῆμα n. ‘tomb’, ἀνά-θημα n. ‘votive offering’), PIE *d^hh₁-tó- verbal adj. ‘placed, put’ (Ved. hitá-, Gk. θετός, Lat. -ditus), PIE *d^h(e)h₁-ti- (Ved. vaná-dhiti- ‘layer of wood pieces, wood layer’, YAv. ni-δāiti- ‘putting down, concealment’, Gk. θέσις ‘setting, placing, position, order’, Lat. fēti-ālis m. ‘one of the college of twenty priests of Rome’, Goth. ga-deþs ‘deed, action’, Lith. dė́tis f. ‘egg laying’, OCS blago-dětĭ ‘benefaction, charity, generosity’). Also noteworthy is an s-stem noun PIE *d^h(e)h₁-s- ‘that which is set up/placed’ (Anat.) > ‘[*statue of a] god’ (Gk., Arm., etc.) vel sim., with reflexes and derivatives found in several languages: *d^heh₁-s- (Arm. dikʻ pl. ‘gods’, ?Gk. θέσ-φατος adj. ‘spoken by a god’), *d^hh₁-s-ó- (PAnat. *d^hh₁‑s‑ó- > Lyc. A θθe- ‘block’, Lyd. tasa- ‘column (?)’; PGk. *t^hehó- > Myc. te-o = /t^he^hos/, Gk. θεός ‘deity, god/goddess’), *d^heh₁-s-(i)i̯o- (OLat. fēsiae > Lat. fēriae f. pl. ‘festive days, religious festival’), *d^hh₁-s-no- (Lat. fānum n. ‘shrine, temple, consecrated place’), *d^heh₁-s-ne-h₂- (Osc. fíísnú nom. sg. f. ‘temple’, Osc. fíísnam acc. sg. f. ‘id.’, Umbr. fesnafe acc. pl. f. ‘id.’), *d^heh₁-s-to- (Lat. fēstus adj. ‘festive, holiday’). For all these and other nominal formations based on PIE *d^heh₁-, cf. NIL:99–117 with further literature.

The root PIE *d^heh₁- ‘to put, set, place; to do, make, produce’ forms part of several collocations. Cf., e.g., PIE *mén-s d^heh₁- ‘to put one’s mind on sth., memorize sth.’ (> PIIr. *mán-s d^haH- in YAv. part. pf. midd. mąs … daθāna-) alongside univerbated *mens=d^heh₁- ‘id.’ (OAv. mązdā- vb. ‘to memorize sth., remember sth.’); see, e.g., Schindler 1975b:266, Kölligan 2017a:63. Cf. also the syntagm PIE *k̑red(s) d^heh₁- ‘to trust’ in Ved. śrád dhā- ‘id.’ (RV+ [śrád … dhatta, śrád … dádhat]) beside univerbated śrad=dhā- vb. ‘id.’ (e.g., śrad-dádhāna-). Lat. crēdere vb. ‘to entrust, give credence’ and OIr. creitid, -creiti ‘to believe’, MW credu ‘to believe, trust’ are based on the same syntagm (cf. NIL:99, 418, 422f. n. 25, Hackstein 2012b:90–93 and s.v. PIE *k̑érd-/*k̑r̥d-´ n. ‘heart’). – Furthermore, univerbated syntagms with *d^heh₁- oftentimes gave rise to neo-roots ending in °d^h(h₁)-, for which cf. Schutzeichel 2014a and Kölligan 2017a with further lit. The latter adduces, e.g., the root PIE *u̯elH- ‘to be strong, have power’ (Lat. valēre ‘to be strong’, TochB walo ‘king’) alongside *u̯elHd^h(h₁)- ‘id.’, which is ultimately based on a syntagm PIE *u̯elH- d^heh₁-.

[T.S.]

Ved. dhā- ‘to put, place, make, etc.’ with pres. dádhā-/dádh- (RV [3sg. ind. act. dádhāti, 1pl. ind. act. dádhmási, etc.] +), aor. dhā́-/dh-´ (RV [3sg. ind. act. ádhāt, etc.] +), perf. dadhā́-/dadh-´ (RV [2sg. ind. act. dadhā́tha, 3sg. ind. act. dadháu, etc.] +), śrád dhā- ‘to trust’ (RV+ [śrád … dhatta, śrád … dádhat, śrad-dádhāna-, etc.]), śraddhā́- f. ‘devotion, trust’ (RV+), hitá- adj. ‘put, placed, etc.’ (RV+) = -dhita- in compounds (cf. dúr-dhita- [RV], sú-dhita- [RV]), dhā́man- n. ‘seat, place, stay, basis, buttocks, etc.’ (RV+), dhā́tar-, dhātár- m. ‘creator’ (RV+), -dhiti- f. ‘layer, tier’ (e.g., vaná-dhiti- ‘layer of wood pieces, wood layer’ [RV+]) alongside -hiti- f. ‘institution, etc.’ (e.g., devá-hiti- ‘divine order/statute/institution’ [RV])

Av. dā- ‘to put, place’, OPers. dā- ‘to make, create’ with pres. Av. dadā-/dad- (3sg. ind. act. OAv. dadāitī, etc.), OPers. dadā- (3sg. impf. act. adadā), aor. Av. dā-/d- (3sg. inj. act. OAv. dāt̰), OPers. dā- (3sg. ind. act. adā), perf. Av. dadā-/dāδ-/daδ- (2sg. ind. act. OAv. fra-dadāθā, 3sg. ind. act. YAv. dadā, daδa), OAv. zrazdā- adj. ‘devoted, believing, trusting’, YAv. ni-dāta- ‘put down’, Av. dāta- = OPers. dāta- n. ‘law’, OAv. dāman- n. ‘place, dwelling-place’, YAv. dāmąn nom./acc. pl. n. ‘creatures’, Av. dātar- m. ‘creator’, YAv. ni-δāiti- ‘putting down, concealment’Cf., e.g., EWAia I:783–787 s.v. DHĀ, EWAia II:663 s.v. śraddhā́-, LIV²:136–138 with nn. 3, 4, 25a, 25b, NIL:99–117 with notes.

Gk. τίθημι/τίθεμεν pres. ‘to put, place, set’ (Il.+), ἔθηκα (Boeot. ἀν-εθɛ̄)/ἔθεμεν aor. ‘id.’ (Il.+); θετός adj. ‘placed, set’ (Pi., Eur.+), also -θετός (e.g., ἀμφί-θετος ‘with handles on both sides’ vel sim. [Il.+]), θητόν· βωμόν ‘altar’ (Hsch. θ 563 Latte), θῆμα n. ‘tomb’ (S. Fr. 541), also in compounds (e.g., ἀνά-θημα n. ‘that which is set up, votive offering [set up in a temple], etc.’ [Od.+]), θημών m. ‘heap’ (Od.+), θετήρ· τολμητής. πράκτης ‘bold, venturous man; doer’ (Hsch. θ 416 Latte), also in compounds (e.g., ἀγωνο-θετήρ ‘judge of the contests, president of the games’ epigr.), θέσις f. ‘setting, placing, position, order’ (Alk., Pi., Ion.-Att.), θεός m./f. ‘god, goddess, deity’ (Il.+) = Myc. te-o /t^he^hos/ ‘id.’ (cf. PAnat. *d^hh₁‑s‑ó-)Cf., e.g., GEW I:897f. s.v. τίθημι, 662f. s.v. θεός, LIV²:136f. with nn. 5, 6, 11, NIL:99–117 with notes, EDG:1482f. s.v. τίθημι, 540 s.v. θεός.

Arm. dne- pres. ‘to put, place, set’, ed(i)-/di- aor. ‘id.’, dikʻ sbst. pl. ‘gods, divinities’ (cf. PAnat. *d^hh₁‑s‑ó-)Cf., e.g., Klingenschmitt 1982a:163, Olsen 1999a:172 s.v. dikʻ, LIV²:136–138 with nn. 7, 22, NIL:99–117 with notes, EDAIL:239f. s.v. dikʻ, 240f. s.v. dnem.

Lat. -dere vb. ‘to put, place, set’ (e.g., ab-dere ‘to conceal’, ad-dere ‘to add’, con-dere ‘to put, insert, establish, found’), crēdere vb. ‘to entrust, give credence’ (Enn., Plaut.+), cf. also -ditus verbal adj. ‘placed, put’ (e.g., con-ditus ‘founded’), conditor m. ‘founder’ (Sal.+), fētiālis m. ‘one of the college of twenty priests of Rome’ (Varro+), fēriae f. pl. ‘festive days, religious festival’ (Plaut., Cato+; OLat. fēsiae), fēstus adj. ‘festive, holiday’ (Plaut.+), fānum n. ‘shrine, temple, consecrated place’ (Plaut.+), Osc. fíísnú nom. sg. f. ‘temple’, Osc. fíísnam acc. sg. f. ‘id.’, Umbr. fesnafe acc. pl. f. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., WH I:286f. s.v. crēdō, 362f. s.v. duim, 453f. s.v. fānum, 481 s.v. fēriae, 489 s.v. fēstus, LIV²:136–138 with nn. 12, 26, EDLIL:141f. s.v. crēdō, 175f. s.v. -dō, -dere, 201 s.v. fānum, 212f. s.v. fēriae, NIL:99–117 with notes.

OIr. creitid, -creiti ‘to believe’, MW credu ‘to believe, trust’, etc.; MW roði ‘to give’; MIr. daiss f. ‘heap, hayrick’, MW das f./m. ‘heap, haystack’, etc.; OIr. dál f. ‘meeting, encounter, assembly, etc.’, MW dadl m./f. ‘debate, assembly, court’, etc.Cf., e.g., Schumacher 2004a:278–281, NIL:99–117 with notes, EDPC:91f. s.v. *dasti-, 92 s.v. *datlā, 221 s.v. *kred-dī-.

OE dōn vb. ‘to do’, OS dōn vb. ‘id.’, OHG tuon vb. ‘id.’; Goth. gadeþs f. ‘deed, action’, ON dáð f. ‘id.’, OE dǣd f. ‘id.’, OS dād f. ‘id.’, OHG tāt f. ‘id.’, etc.; Goth. doms f. ‘glory’, ON dómr m. ‘opinion, judgement, sentence’, OHG tuom m./n. ‘judgement, power, situation’, etc.Cf., e.g., Lühr 2000a:245f. s.v. dáð, LIV²:136f. with n. 13f., Casaretto 2004a:510 s.v. ga-deþs*, NIL:99–117 with notes, EDPG:92 s.v. *dēdi-, 98 s.v. *dōn- and *dōma-.

Lith. dė́ti vb. ‘to put, lay’, Latv. dêt, dẽt, dèt vb. ‘to lay (eggs) (ê); to construct (ẽ); to make (ê, ẽ, è)’, refl. ‘to find refuge; to happen’, Lith. dė́tis f. ‘egg laying, etc.’Cf., e.g., LIV²:136f. with n. 15, NIL:99–117 with notes, EDBIL:125 s.v. dėti, ALEW I:200–203 s.v. dė́ti.

OCS dějati vb. ‘to do; to say’ (pres. 1sg. dějǫ), děti sę vb. ‘to get to, disappear’ (pres. 1sg. deždǫ sę), Russ. det’ vb. ‘to put, place’ (pres. 1sg. dénu), SCr. djȅti vb. ‘to do; to say’ (pres. 1sg. djȅdēm); OCS blago-dětĭ f. ‘benefaction, charity, generosity’; OCS dělo n. ‘work, matter’, Russ. délo n. ‘business, matter, thing’, SCr. djȅlo n. ‘deed, act’, etc.Cf., e.g., LIV²:136–138 with nn. 16, 23, EDSIL:103 s.v. *dě̀lo, 104 s.v. *děti, NIL:99–117 with notes.

TochB tās- ‘to put, set, place’, midd. ‘to place oneself’, pass. ‘to be compared’, TochA tā(-s)- ‘to put, set, place’, midd. ‘to place oneself’Cf., e.g., Hackstein 1995a:56–65, Malzahn 2010a:641–644, DTB²:300–302.