/tarrawann(i)-/, (“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-
‘just, loyal’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- adj
- ID
- 1998
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tarrawann(i)-/, (“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-
‘just, loyal’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested over 40 times across most of the Iron Age Luwian area between Tabal in the centre, Karkamiš is the east, and Amuq in the far south. The various inscriptions date to between the late 10th and the 8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
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nom. sg. c. |
/tarrawannis/ |
(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-i-sa |
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(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-sa |
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(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-sá |
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(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ni-sà |
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(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ní-sa |
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(“IUSTITIA”)tara/i-wa/i-ní-sá |
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(IUSTITIA)tara/i-wa/i-ni-sa |
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IUSTITIA-wa/i-ni-i-sa |
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IUSTITIA-wa/i-ni-sa |
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“IUSTITIA”-ni-i-sa |
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“IUSTITIA”-ní-i-sa |
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IUSTITIA-ní-i-sa |
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IUSTITIA-ni-sa |
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IUSTITIA-ni-˹sa˺ |
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IUSTITIA-ni-sá |
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IUSTITIA-ni-sa4 |
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IUSTITIA-ní-sa |
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“IUSTITIA”-sa |
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IUSTITIA-sa |
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tara/i-wa/i-ni |
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IUSTITIA-ni |
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IUSTITIA-ní |
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IUSTITIA[ ...] |
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acc. sg. c. |
/tarrawannin/ |
IUSTITIA-ni-i-na |
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dat./loc. sg. |
/tarrawanni/ |
IUSTITIA-ni-i |
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IUSTITIA-ni |
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acc. pl. c. |
/tarrawanninzi/ |
IUSTITIA-wa/i-ni-zi |
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unclear |
tara/i-wa[/i-ni- …] |
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IUSTITIA? |
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Some of the attested forms may or may not reflect possessive derivatives in /-i(ya)-/ of the present lexeme, because they occur in possessive constructions, modifying a possessor, which can entail possessive marking of the adjective as well; such could be possible e.g. in NİĞDE 2, l. 3 and the first occurrence of the word in BULGARMADEN, 1§1. However, the spellings do not differ, and it is hence impossible to distinguish the forms reliably.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretations
The phonological interpretation of the present lexeme should be seen as reasonably certain, although it has been subject to considerable debate. Melchert 2019a:343f. (with references) discusses the various interpretations that have been put forward by scholars and, for mainly etymological and phonotactic reasons, advocates for reading the word /tarrawann(i)-/. His view fits the attested spelling variations found for the present lexeme as well as other members of the same word family.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The lexeme has recently undergone a re-evaluation by Melchert 2019a and is now regarded as an adjective, following a previous and long ignored study by Pintore 1979a, who already pointed out that the lexeme is, for the most part, an adjective qualifying individuals (Pintore 1979a:476-479). As an adjective, /tarrawann(i)-/ is usually found directly in front of the noun it modifies, and if a genitive or genitival adjective is also part of the phrase, the latter will usually precede the adjective (Melchert 2019a:337-341; cf. Bauer 2014a:232f. on general word order). For cases where the order is different, Melchert 2019a:339 argues that /tarrawann(i)-/ preceding a genitive may point to a substantivization of the adjective as an honorific, e.g. the interpretation of “IUSTITIA”-sa kar-ka-mi-si-za-sa(REGIO) REGIO DOMINUS-ia-sa (KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §7) is not entirely clear, for it could be ‘the loyal Country-Lord of Karkamiš’ or ‘the loyal (one), Country-Lord of Karkamiš’.
Previous semantic interpretations of the lexeme, e.g. as ‘ruler’ (cf. e.g. Hawkins 2000a, Giusfredi 2010b:90-97), are now moot (see Melchert 2019a:337 for a synopsis of the scholarly discussion).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The present lexeme probably represents an adjective in /-wann(i)-/, which can be assumed to undergo i-mutation (Melchert 2019a:343), although the relevant forms are not attested. Melchert 2019a:343 regards the adjective as anteceding the abstract noun of the same shape, see the discussion at HLuw. /tarrawanna(/i)-/ ‘justice, loyalty’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
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For the lemam head see HLuw. */tarrawa-/.