*TerHEu̯eh2i̯e/o-
‘to establish’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 1996
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/tarrawa-/
‘to establish’1.1.1Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
tarrawa-
‘(unknown)’1.2.1Transmission
The word is found incomplete only so that the assignment to the present lemma must be seen as provisional. The putative attestations come from the Lallupiya tablet of the Ištanuwa festival, a tiny fragment with mythological content probably belonging to the tradition of the Tauriša ritual, and a piece that possibly belongs to a mugauwar ritual.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
|
unknown |
tar-ra-wa-a[n(-) |
KUB 35.111 ii 1’ |
(CTH 768, NS) |
|
tar-ra-wa-an-[da-ri(?) |
KBo 48.85, 5’ |
(CTH 756, NS) |
|
|
tar-r[a- |
KBo 64.185, 2 |
(CTH 771, NS) |
The broken form tar-r[a- at KBo 27.61, 6’, cited in CLL:211 under this lemma, instead belongs to tarr[aš]a (see the relevant join in Sasseville 2021a:564f.). – For the restoration of tar-ra-wa-an-[da-ri(?) at KBo 48.85, 5’, see Sasseville 2021a:564f.
[E.R.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
None of the contexts permits a semantic interpretation on its own or is at least able to corroborate the very likely assignment to a known lemma such as 
tarrawa- ‘to establish, institute (?)’ in Hittite transmission, as considered in CLL:211.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
No identification of the stem final suffix is possible.
[E.R.]
1.3 Luwian (Glossenkeilwörter)
tarrawa-
1.3.1Transmission
The sole attestation of this gloss wedge word is found in a NS oracle report.
[E.R.]
1.3.2Forms
|
3pl. pres. ind. act. |
|
KUB 6.15 ii 8 |
(CTH 582, NS) |
1.3.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.3.4Meaning
It is tempting to assign the form to a stem tarrawa-(ti) ‘to establish, institute’, a possible cognate or source of Hitt. tarrawā(i)-(mi) ‘to establish, institute’ (see Melchert 2020a:547, Sasseville 2021a:196). However, no certainty can be reached, due to the fragmentary context, which only tells of a path that seems to be overgrown with bushes and, later, mentions the deity Ištar:
(6)nu-wa-kán e-da-ni kaskal-ši an-d[a
(7)nu-wa-kán ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-wa-an-ti-[
(8)tar-ra-wa-u-un-ta nu a-ri-[
(9)Dištar URUša-mu-ḫa[
The commingling of tarrawaūnta and the stem tarawi-(ti) ‘to hand over, deliver’ led to translations now outdated (DLL:92, Lebrun 1976a:197, Starke 1990a:387, 470, Tischler 2008a:s.v.).
[E.R.]
1.3.5Stem
The rare word-final -aunta is probably compatible with a stem in -a-(ti); differently Starke 1990a:537, who posits a factitive verb *tarrawawa-(ti), and Sasseville 2021a:196 starting from a stem *tarraw(a)u-.
[E.R.]
1.3.6Derivatives
1.3.7Origin
The ending -unta leaves no doubt about the Luwian origin of the form, as seen in DLL:92, Lebrun 1976a:191, CLL:211, Melchert 2005a:452, van den Hout 2006a:245, Tischler 2008a:s.v., Melchert 2020a:547, Sasseville 2021a:196). The marking with the gloss wedges offers further support.
[E.R.]
1.4 Hittite
tarrawā(i)-(mi)
‘to establish, institute’1.4.1Literature / Comments
Carter 1962a, HEG T:154f., Melchert 2020a
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to establish’
The denominative verb found in Hittite tarrawā(i)-(mi) ‘to establish, institute’ is taken as a derivative from the Hittite adjective tarru-/-aw- and argued to mean ‘firm, secure’ by Melchert 2020a, although the denominative verb in *-eh2-i̯e/o- continued in Hittite would be expected to have a substantival base according to the pattern pointed out in Sasseville 2021a:202. Moreover, a stem in -wa- c. (< *-u̯eh2-) would be a more proper base for these denominative verbs, see Sasseville 2015a:285f. However, this cannot be proven based on the currently available data. Despite the uncertainty of the semantics, the existence of a Luwian verb tarrawa- renders it highly likely that the formation is of Proto-Anatolian date (a loanword in either direction is always possible, but in this case hardly provable; cf. Melchert 2020a:548). By adducing the Hieroglyphic Luwian “title” /tarrawann(i)-/, a formation in *-é-no-, which he translates as ‘just, loyal, righteous’, he suggests an Indo-European etymology with Eng. true, Germ. treu (Melchert 2019a). From the Anatolian perspective, he posits that the root must have a laryngeal in order to account for the geminate -rr-, i.e. *TerH-, from which an adjectival u-stem would have been built, i.e. *TérH-u-/Tr̥H-éu̯- (Melchert 2019a:343). Overall, a denominative verb *TerHEu̯eh2i̯e/o- ‘to establish’ can be reconstructed for Proto-Anatolian (although note that the stem formation of the Luwian verb is still unclear).
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
On the one hand, there are no direct cognates of PAnat. *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’ attested in Core IE, but, on the other hand, (most of) the Core IE continuants are based on the metathesized double zero-grade stem Core IE *druH- ‘firm’, which is related to the adjective attested in Anatolian. Thus, a u-stem adjective has to be reconstructed for the proto-language as well: PIE *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’.
3.1.1Root etymology
Although the semantic development from ‘firm’ to ‘wood’ and vice versa is indeed attested (cf., e.g., Melchert 2020a:549 n. 19), the noun PIE *dór‑u‑/*dér‑u- ‘wood’ [lemma link] cannot be connected directly to the material listed above on morphological grounds, cf. below. Therefore, the root in question has to be reconstructed as PIE *derH- ‘(to be) firm, fast’, cf. Melchert 2020a.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
The double zero-grade (and metathesized) stem form of PAnat. *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’, viz. PIE *druH‑, can be reconstructed as the derivational base of the Core IE lexemes listed above sub Transmission. Therefore, it is advisable to trace the Proto-Anatolian adjective back to the proto-language as PIE *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’.
3.2.1Root etymology
The root underlying Luw. /tarrawa‑/ ‘to establish, institute’, etc. can be reconstructed as PAnat. *derH- ‘(to be) firm, fast’, cf. Melchert 2020a. It is attested in “full grade I” in all the Anatolian continuants and possibly in OIr. derb ‘sure, certain’, cf., e.g., LEIA D:54f. The other languages attest either the metathesized zero-grade of a u-stem **dr̥H‑u- → *druH- (cf., e.g., Lith. drū́‑tas) or “full grade II” of this metathesized stem form, which is a result of the inner-Germanic vr̥ddhi (cf. PGerm. *trewwa‑). It is remarkable that all continuants of this root contain the u-vowel that is explicable from the adjectival u-stem *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯‑, which is attested as Hitt. tarru‑/‑aw- ‘firm, secure’. The proterokinetic ablaut observable in the Hittite adjective prevents from assuming that the phoneme ‑u- belongs to the root.Viz. not †derHu̯‑, which may nevertheless be a phonotactically acceptable root, cf., e.g. PIE ?*melh2u̯- ‘to crush, grind’ (LIV²:433).Therefore, the root is reconstructed as PIE *derH- ‘(to be) firm, fast’.
As for the further root connection, Harðarson 2018a:242–253 proposes a link with PIE *dór‑u‑/*dér‑u- ‘wood’ [lemma link]. However, Harðarson ibid. does not take into account the Anatolian data and traces OIr. derb ‘sure, certain’ back to *der‑u̯‑o- ‘wooden’ (ibid. p. 242, cf. also EDPC:96). While the stem form Core IE *druH- can be explained straightforwardly from both roots *der‑ (collective u-stem, cf. Harðarson 2018a:247–253) and *derH- (metathesized zero-grade u-stem, cf. Melchert 2020a:550), the shape of the adjective PIE *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’ cannot be accounted for on the basis of PIE *der‑ (or any derivative thereof).The only possibility may be to take the laryngeal of *derH- ‘(to be) firm’ as a root extension of some kind. However, the root PIE *der‑, which underlies the word for ‘wood’, does not mean ‘wood’ but ‘to split’ vel sim. (LIV²:119–121, LIV²+ s.v. *der‑). It is obvious that the semantic and morphological assumptions to connect PIE *der- ‘to split’ vel sim. with PIE *dérH‑u‑/*dr̥H‑éu̯- ‘firm’ would be too bold.This means that the root PIE *derH- ‘(to be) firm, fast’ and PIE *dór‑u‑/*dér‑u- ‘wood’ [lemma link], etc. have to be separated from each other.
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
Ved. dhruvá- ‘firm, fixed’, YAv. druua- ‘healthy, whole’, OPers. duruva- ‘firm, secure’
EWAia I:798f., Grassmann 1996a:697f., Bartholomae 1904:782, Schmitt 2014a:172
Goth. triggws, ON tryggr ‘loyal, trustworthy, true’, Far. tryggur ‘stable (of a vessel/craft); safe, secure’; ON trúr ‘reliable, loyal’; OE trum ‘firm, strong, steadfast’, etc.
EDPG:523, 524, Orel 2003a:410, 411, de Vries 1977a:599, Faltings 2010a:555–557, GED:347, Harðarson 2018a