*dóru-

The comparison of Hittite tāru- n. ‘wood’ with CLuw. tāru- n. ‘id.’ allows for a reconstruction of a PAnat. neuter u-stem *dóru- ‘wood’ (only the o-grade is phonologically possible here), which is well attested in Indo-European (HEG T:233f. with further literature, EDHIL:849f., Melchert 2012c:179). The initial voiced consonant *d- reconstructed here for Proto-Anatolian is dependent on the Indo-European etymology (see below). CLuw. also shows a neuter s-stem, i.e. tāruš- ‘(wooden) statue’, which was remade into a d-stem in HLuw. /tarud-/ n. ‘id.’. Furthermore, Hittite and Luwian created late independent denominatives with the meanings of ‘to turn to wood, to fasten’, i.e. Hitt. taruwā(i)-^(mi) (< *doru-éh₂-i̯e/o-) and CLuw. [ta]ruwi- (< *doru-i̯é/ó-).

[D.S.]

PIE *dór-u- ‘wood’ is generally connected with the root *der- ‘to flay, split’ vel sim. (cf. LIV²:119–121, where the root is set up with an intransitive meaning “zerreißen, zerspringen”) — cf., e.g., Gk. δέρω ‘to skin, flay’. If this root etymology is correct, “*dór-u è in origine la denominazione del ‘legno lavorato, levigator o tagliato’”, thus Neri 2003:84 n. 203, who points to Gk. ξύλον n. “wood cut and ready for use, firewood, timber, etc.” (LSJ s.v.) derived from ξύω ‘I scratch, scrape’ as a semantic parallel.On this root, cf. PAnat. *kés‑/*ks‑´^(mi) ‘to comb’.Cf. also Nussbaum 2014b:236: “*dór-u ‘splent’ > ‘(piece of) wood’”. Further words for ‘wood, tree’, which can be found in the IE languages, are listed in Buck 1949a:48f., 49f., and in EIEC:598f.

Since in the IE languages there is evidence not only in favor of an o-grade stem *dór-u- (nom.-acc. sg. n. Hitt. tāru, Ved. dā́ru, YAv. dauru, Gk. δόρυ), but also of an e-grade stem *der-u- (whence, e.g., BSl. *der-u̯-o-However, a stem *der-u̯-o- can also be analyzed as a vr̥ddhi-derivative formed to the weak stem of a kinetic paradigm *dór-u/*dr-éu- or *dór-u/*dr̥-u̯-´ vel sim. Thus, e.g., ALEW 2.0 s.v. dervẽ̇ (2022-06-20) (“urbsl. *deru̯o- […] mit Kollektivum *deru̯ā- […] ist eine Vr̥ddhi-Ableitung zu uridg. *dóru-/*dréu̯-”).> OCS drěvo etc.), it is possible to reconstruct an ó/é-acrostatic u-stem *dór‑u/*dér‑u‑. This can subsequently have been remodeled to different kinds of secondary kinetic stems (e.g., proterokinetic *dór-u/*dr-éu̯-The assumption of a secondary proterokinetic stem *dór-u/*dr-éu̯- would also explain the o-grade root of the strong stem. In contrast, a primary proterokinetic stem should exhibit an e-grade root in the strong stem (type *pér-tu-/*pr̥-téu̯-).> Ved. dā́ru, gen. dróṣ and amphikinetic *dór-u/*dor-u̯-´ > Gk. δόρυ, δουρός); cf., e.g., Schaffner 2001a:76f. n. 24, 490f. with n. 16, Meier-Brügger 2010a:343. The assumption that *dór-u/*dr-éu̯- (in IIr.) and *dór-u/*d(o)r-u̯-´ (in Gk.) are secondary kinetic stems, would also explain the o-grade root of the strong stem. – As for the derivational history of PIE *dór‑u‑, cf. most recently Nussbaum 2014b:236, who explains it as a secondary substantivizing u-stem derivative formed to an o-stem adjective: adj. *dEr-ó- ‘flayed, split (pass.)’ (substantivized in Gk. δορός m. ‘leather bag’) → subst. *dór‑u‑ n. ‘splent > (piece of) wood’. For the derivational pattern (adj. *-o- → subst. *-u-), cf., e.g., adj. *b^heh₂-no- (OIr. bán ‘white’) → subst. *b^heh₂-nu- (Ved. bhānú- ‘beam of light’); cf. Nussbaum 2014b:235f. with further examples.There is no (direct) relationship with the root underlying PAnat. *TerHEu̯eh₂i̯e/o- ‘to establish’.

A combination of words for ‘stick(s)’ and ‘stone(s)’ (cf. ModHG Stock und Stein) can be found in many IE (as well as non-IE) languages, cf. Janda 1997a. He concludes: “Direkte Fortsetzer einer einheitlichen uridg. Paarformel fehlen zwar in den Einzelsprachen. Dennoch gestattet das einzelsprachliche Material einige Rückschlüsse. Phraseologismen wie av. druca pauruuąnca und gr. δρῦς καὶ πέτρα sind auch in ihrem Wortmaterial zumindest teilweise auch genetisch miteinander verwandt und führen zu einer urindogermanischen Paarformel, die am ehesten als *druh₂ & *peru̯ōr zu rekonstruieren ist” (Janda 1997a:157f.).

[T.S.], [A.O.]

Ved. dā́ru, gen. sg. dróṣ, drúnas n. ‘wood’ (RV+), (°)dru‑ as compound member; YAv. dāuru‑, gen. sg. draoš n. ‘piece of wood, tree trunk’, OPers. dāru
EWAia I:721, Schmitt 2014a:166

Gk. δόρυ, gen. sg. Att. δόρατος, trag. δορός, Hom. δουρός and δούρατος n. ‘wood, tree trunk, (shaft of a) spear’ (Il.+), δρῠ-τόμος m. ‘wood-cutter’, Myc. nom. pl. du-ru-to-mo- /dru-tomoi̯/ (PY Vn 10.1)
GEW I:411f., 421f., GEW III:78, DMic I:198

OIr. daur, MW dar, etc. ‘oak’
EDPC:91, LEIA D:12, de Bernardo Stempel 1999a:237, Neri 2003:86

Goth. triu ‘stick; vine’, ON tré ‘tree; mast; rafter, beam’, OE trēo, trēow ‘tree’, etc.
EDPG:522f., Harðarson 2018a

Lith. dervà (3), (4) f., dérva (1) f. ‘chip of kindling wood, pinewood, log from which tar is produced, resin, tar’
ALEW 2.0 s.v. dervẽ̇ (2022-06-20), EDBIL:123f.
OCS drěvo, Russ. dérevo, Cz. dřevo, etc. ‘wood’
EDSIL:99, ESJS:147

Alb. dru ‘tree; tree trunk, wood’
Demiraj 1997a:146–148, Neri in DPEWA s.v. dru (2022-06-21)

Toch. AB or ‘wood’
DTB²:127