*k^u̯óri(m)

This lexeme is attested 18 times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, Maraş, Emirgazi, Boğazköy, Cilicia, Assur, Commagene, Konya, Malatya, and Tabal dating from the second half of the 13^th to the early 7^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

Some attestations for this lexeme are difficult to distinguish from those for the temporal and conditional adverb HLuw. /kwadi/ ‘as, how, so that’. Both lexemes therefore contain, in addition to a first table with reasonably secure attributions, a second table listing those attestations whose meaning is hard to gauge.

In ASSUR letter b, §8, the word-final 〈-a/-’〉 is clearly intended for marking the end of the word, since it is much smaller than the other signs in comparison.

Semantically uncertain attestations:

The attestation in POTOROO, 5a must be deemed somewhat uncertain. The lack of context for this inscribed object (which only survives as a cast) makes an interpretation difficult.

[A.P.] [AH.B.]

The lexeme is polysemous and covers both temporal as well as conditional meanings in HLuw., with the latter deriving from the former, which is cross-linguistically common (cf. German wenn ‘when, if’).

The word occurs in a number of contexts in which it can be assumed to mark conditionals. For instance, in the protasis of a curse formula, it can accompany the laying out of hypothetical damaging actions against an installation, followed by an apodosis listing suitable punitive measures, e.g. in ANCOZ 7, §5: ni-pa-ta kwa/i+ra/i hu+ra/i-si TERRA INFRA-ta FINES-hi-zi kwa/i-sa za-la-na PONERE-wa/i-i, approx. /niba=tta kwari hursi taskwari zanta irhinzi kwis zallan tuwai/, which translates as ‘or if (any)one puts aside the borders down on the thick earth’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:356).

Because of the spelling issues caused by the sweeping rhotacism in the later stages of HLuw., the attestations of the present lexeme have frequently been confused with HLuw. /kwadi/ ‘as, how, so that’, thus e.g. by Oshiro 1988b:9f.; cf. the remarks by Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:247 n. 7. A sizeable portion of attestations cannot be attributed with certainty to either lexeme, though mostly because of unclear or broken contexts.

[AH.B.]

The word belongs indubitably to the large family around the relative and interrogative pronoun /kwi-/kwa-/ ‘who, which’. If the interpretation as /kwari/ is correct and not due to rhotacism, it can be viewed as a full cognate of CLuw. kuwāri.

[AH.B.]

This lexeme is found in various ritual fragments and in one festival text.

[D.S.]

Melchert (CLL:116) suggests that there is a variant ku-wa-ar attested at KUB 35.89, 4’ and 5’ and KUB 35.88 ii 10 (also listed in the same entry in Laroche’s DLL:59f.), although two of these examples are broken off and therefore may not be complete, whereas the third one is ku-wa-ar-pa of uncertain grammatical status due to the fragmentary state of the context, and thus more evidence is needed. The word ku-wa-ar-ta (KUB 32.70 r.col. 5’) also adduced by Melchert (ibid.) is analyzed by Sasseville 2021a:267 instead as a preterit form of the verb kuwar-^(ti) ‘to cut’, although the fragmentary context renders any interpretation tentative.

[D.S.]

Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).

[D.S.]

Melchert (CLL:116) suggests for kuwari the meaning ‘where (?)’, which is difficult to verify, since most contexts are fragmentary or obscure (likewise Neumann 2007a:348). In his grammatical sketch, Melchert 2003b:207 leaves the CLuw. conjugation kwāri unmentioned. It is also left unmentioned by Goedegebuure 2010b in her paper on Luwian conjunctions. The HLuw. attestations are difficult, since they cannot be properly kept apart from the rhotacized conjunction /kwadi/; cf. above. But even if the meaning ‘if, when’ as suggested above is correct, it does not necessarily have to have been the same for the older CLuw. texts. The Lycian temporal conjunction teri ‘as, when’ does not impose a temporal reading on the CLuw. conjunction either, since the function may easily have changed over 1000 years; cf. CLuw. kuwādi(n) ‘as, like, how’ and its Lyc. B cognate kudi ‘where’.

Some evidence in favor of the meaning ‘where’ as tentatively posited by Melchert can be adduced from the univerbated kuwāriḫa, provided the posited meaning ‘everywhere’ is correct. In any case, more evidence is needed.

[D.S.]

1. kuwāriḫa

The conjunctions teri and terñ are well attested throughout the corpus, although they are more frequent in narrative contexts.

[D.S.]

The words teri and terñ have so far been treated separately. However, the recognition of terñ as a temporal conjunction like teri (see under Meaning) vis-à-vis the vacillation found in CLuw. kuwāti / kuwātin (Sasseville 2021c:163 n. 12) calls for a unification of the two words into one lexeme.

The variant with -m͂ (TL 84.4) is likely due to an assimilation with the following word that begins with m-.

[D.S.]

Carruba 1978b:175f. (and Carruba 1977a:307) was the first to suggest that teri is a conjunction meaning ‘when’, superseding the older analysis as a substantive (for a summary, see Neumann 2007a:348). His analysis has been followed by Melchert (DLL: 63), Neumann 2007a:348, Schürr 2012a:117, Gehrisch 2018a:38f., Christiansen 2020a:182f. The word terñ was then suggested by Eichner 2005a:31 n. 167 also to be a temporal conjunction, but a thorough syntactic analysis was furnished later by Sasseville 2021c, who shows that teri and terñ are restricted to the position after the verb (or, if applicable, the infinitive), and that the interpretation as a temporal conjunction makes better sense of the contexts. For the summary of the now outdated literature on terñ, see Sasseville 2021c:161f.

The iterated instance terñ terñ ‘whenever’ listed at the bottom of the table has a conditional function (cf. teli teli ‘wherever’) and is syntactically fronted just like the relative pronoun (see Lyc. A ti-); see Sasseville 2021d:174 n. 1.

[D.S.]

The deduction of terñ < *terin adducing HLuw. /kwari/ was first suggested by Eichner 2005a:31 n. 167 and then the unification with teri (n-less variant), based on a comparison with CLuw. kuwāti / kuwātin was advocated by Sasseville 2021c:163 n. 12.

[D.S.]