*stóh2-/sth2-´
‘to stand’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 1401
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/ta-(i)/, ta-, CRUS
‘to (come to) stand’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested both in the Bronze Age and in the Iron Age. Its first full syllabic spellings are found in late inscriptions of the 9th or 8th century BCE. within the Tabal region, i.e. SULTANHAN, BOROWSKI 1, AKSARAY.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
1.1.3Graphic Features
For an overview of the literature on the sign *82 (CRUS), see Marazzi 1990b:129.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning
The elucidation of the meaning of the lexeme CRUS- /ta-/ was facilitated by the shape of the logogram representing a leg (*82) and, thus, it was translated by Forrer 1932a:52 as ‘to step’ (followed by Meriggi 1934a:100, Meriggi 1957a:220f, Meriggi 1962a:115, differently Laroche 1960c:49). A more extensive semantic analysis of the verb is offered in Morpurgo Davies 1987a:212-217, where she shows that it has both an eventive sense ‘to come to stand’ = ‘to step’ as well as a stative sense ‘to stand’.
The verb ta-(i) can be used with the preverb SUPER+ra/i /sarri/ ‘up, over’, in which case it takes on the semantics of ‘to overcome’ (Dinçol, Dinçol, Hawkins, Peker & Öztan 2015a:67). It is often used with the frozen locative forms tarpi and tarpa and has the meaning of ‘to (come to) stand in opposition to’ or ‘to (come to) stand against’ (Melchert 1993e:32).
[D.S.]
1.1.5Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
tā-(i)
‘step, arrive, stand’1.2.1Transmission
Considering the general meaning of the verb, its attestations are astonishingly few, but are found in both festivals and incantations.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. ind. act. | ta-a-i | KBo 29.31 iv 6’ | (CTH 759, NS) |
| 3sg. pret. ind. act. | ta-at-ta | KUB 35.133 ii 27’ | (CTH 665, LNS) |
| da-a-ad-da | KUB 35.88 ii 2 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| 3sg. pres. ind. med. | ta-a-tar | KUB 35.67 obv. 5’ | (CTH 759, NS) |
| 2pl. pres. ind. med. | da-a-ad-du-wa-ar | KUB 9.31 ii 26 | (CTH 757, NS) |
For the morphological analysis of dādduwar as 2pl. pres. med. of the verb ta-, see Otten 1953a:47. – Assignment of ta-a-tar to the lemma (following Mouton, Puértolas Rubio and Yakubovich, pers. comm., at KUB 35.67 obv. 5’) is only tentative (regarded as “[q]uite unclear” in CLL:221).
[E.R.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv (except KUB 9.31 ii 26). – The reading of ta-a-i at KBo 29.31 iv 6’ is not accepted by Starke 1985b:364, who reads ]x-ạš?-ta-a-i. The traces of putative -aš- in the photograph are feeble and may well be what remains of a preceding word. Still, the parallel context of KUB 9.31 ii 26 suggests assuming a word boundary here and keeping to ta-a-i, until evidence to the contrary surfaces.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
Early scholarship had difficulties with the assignment of tā- to one of the well-known inherited roots for ‘put’, ‘take’ or ‘stand’ (see DLL:88, undecided Otten 1953a:47f., Carruba 1972a:9 ‘festgelegt’ vs. Meriggi 1957a:220f. ‘ist gekommen’). It is only in her extensive 1987 study on Luwic ‘put’ and ‘stand’ that Morpurgo Davies 1987a:217-220 shows CLuw. tā- (like HLuw. /tā-/) to be an exact semantic match of Hittite tiya/e-(mi) ‘step, arrive’. In support, she adduces the parallel construction of tā- in tuwiš UD.KAM-iš tatta ‘your day has come/stepped in’ at KUB 35.133 ii 27’ with Hitt. nekuz mēḫur tiyazzi ´night-time came/stepped in.´ Moreover, in the quasi-bilingual passages of the Zarpiya ritual ...-tar ... zaštanza aštummantanza ... niš dādduwar “... do not step to these gates ...” at KUB 9.31 ii 26 corresponds to ...-ššan ... KÁ-YA lē tiyatteni (see also Yakubovich 2010d:142f.). Morpurgo Davies’ interpretation is generally accepted; cf. Starke 1990a:519f. n. 1929, CLL:200, Jasanoff 2003a:115 n. 59, EDHIL:879f., Frotscher 2012a:115, HEG U-Z:358, Görke 2015a, Sasseville 2021a:360f.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
Synchonically, the attested 3sg. pres. in -i, if read correctly, would prove beyond doubt the assignment of tā- to the class of root verbs following the ḫi-conjugation. As the reading is not absolutely secured, the classification of tā- depends on that of its Hieroglyphic-Luwian equivalent (see above).
[E.R.]
1.2.6Derivatives
For a parallel formation, see CLuw. ti(ya)-.
1.2.6.1Rejected Derivatives
tatta-1.3 Lycian A
stta-(ti)
‘to stand’1.3.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in various types of inscriptions.
[D.S.]
1.3.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. ind. act. | sttati | TL 44c.5 (Xanthos) |
| TL 44c.7 (Xanthos) | ||
| TL 44c.9 (Xanthos) | ||
| TL 93.2 (Myra) | ||
| N 320.16-17 (Xanthos) | ||
| N 348.12 (Aloanda (Pinara)) | ||
| 3pl. pres. ind. act. | sttãti | TL 44b.35 (Xanthos) |
1.3.3Meaning
The meaning of the Lycian verb stta-(ti) ‘to stand’ was elucidated by Laroche 1974a:122 (and Laroche 1979c:68), followed by Carruba 1977a:301, Heubeck 1981a:166, Melchert 1992b:48f., DLL:59, Neumann 2007a:332. This verb is intransitive (pace Gusmani 1979c:228) and as its subject, one finds either a stele or a (cultic) monument. For an overview of the outdated hypotheses on the semantics of stta-(ti), see Neumann 2007a:332.
[D.S.]
1.3.4Stem
Synchronically speaking, Lyc. stta-(ti) inflects according to the class of factitive verbal stems in -a-(ti), but has a different origin (Sasseville 2021a:60f.). For its original conjugation, see also under Reconstruction.
[D.S.]
1.3.5Derivatives
1.3.6Origin
A Greek origin of the verb stta-(ti), i.e. from ἵστημι ‘to place upright’, was suggested by Arkwright 1923a:16 and Morpurgo Davies 1987a:220f. based on the retention of the initial “s”, which might have yielded /h/ in Lycian A. The idea of a borrowing is followed by Hajnal 1995a:112 n. 107, Schürr 2007a:30, Dempsey 2015a:309, Schürr 2014d, but rejected by Melchert 1992b:48f, Oettigner apud Neumann 2007a:333, Jasanoff 2010b:145. Neumann 2007a:332f. rightly points out that the Lycian verb is intransitive, while Gk. ἵστημι is transitive, which does not support the idea of a borrowing (likewise Jasanoff 2010b:145). Jasanoff 2010b:145 adds that there is no Greek present stem *στα- from which a Lycian present stta- could have been extracted. Therefore, a Greek origin of Lyc. stta-(ti) is unconvincing and hereby rejected; cf. under the derivative sttala-.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to stand’
Under the assumption that Proto-Anatolian could only have one type of radical or deradical verbal stem, Melchert 2018d connects etymologically CLuw. tā-(i), HLuw. /ta-(i)/ and Lyc. stta-(ti) ‘to stand’ with Hitt. tiye/a-(mi) ‘to place oneself’ and reconstructs a Proto-Anatolian h2e-present in *-i̯-, i.e. *stéh2-i̯- (differently EDHIL:879f., for the reconstruction with an o-grade see Eichner 1988a:142 n. 62). The reduction of the sequence *-VHi̯V- > *-Vi̯V- > *-VV- in Luwic would be regular (Melchert 1994a:271, 313). For various hypotheses, which try to explain Lycian stta-(ti) as a reduplicated formation, see Oettinger apud Neumann 2007a:333, Jasanoff 2010b:149f. For the mi-conjugation of the Hittite verb tiya-(mi) as a secondary phenomenon, see Jasanoff 2003a:115, Jasanoff 2010b:146. For a summary of the older literature, see HEG T,D:361f.
However, criticizing the methodology involved in the hypotheses mentioned above, Sasseville 2021a:9-14, 545f. demonstrates that Proto-Anatolian may have more than one radical or deradical type of formation built on the same root. Therefore, he classifies the Luwian and Lycian cognates together as underlying radical stems of the ḫi-conjugation, i.e. *stóh2-/sth2-´, whereas Hitt. tiye/a-(mi) reflects a deradical verb in *-i̯e/o-, i.e. *sth2-i̯é/ó-. The analysis of the latter is further supported by the Luwian cognate ti(ya)-, for which see PAnat. *sth2-i̯é/ó-.
Regarding the fate of the Lycian cluster *st-, which is not altogether clear, different explanations have been put forward; cf. Jasanoff 2010b:144f., Melchert 2018d:30f. However, nothing can be proven or rejected due to the lack of further examples of etymological *st- in Lycian and especially considering the phenomenon of s-mobile.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
PIE *steh2- means ‘to step somewhere, stand up’, cf. LIV²:590–592.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
The PIE root *steh2- ‘to step somewhere, stand up’ is well attested in the majority of the IE languages, with a large amount of both verbal and nominal formations (cf. LIV²:590–592, NIL:637–659). As far as the verbal stem formation is concerned, a root aorist PIE *stéh2-/*sth2-´ is reconstructed in LIV²:590 on the basis of Ved. ásthāt ‘stepped, stood up’, Arm. er-tʻa- ‘to go’, Gk. ἔστην ‘stepped, stood up’, TochA tāmäs subj. ‘we will be’. As for present stems, a reduplicated stem PIE *sti-stéh2-/*sti-sth2-´ lives on in Gk. ἵστημι, Dor. ἵστᾱμι pres. act. ‘make stand, set up’ and, in thematized form (*sti-sth2-e/o-), in Ved. tíṣṭha- ‘to step, stand up; stand’, YAv. hišta- ‘stand (up)’, Lat. sistere, sistō ‘to cause to stand, set up’, and Arm. er-tʻa- ‘to go’ (LIV²:590). There is also evidence in favor of a nasal-infix present PIE *st-né-h2-/*st-n̥-h2-´, which ultimately underlies Arm. stana- ‘to purchase’, Lat. -stināre (in, e.g., dē-stināre ‘to determine’),Cf. EDLIL:590 and the discussion in Klingenschmitt 1982a:112.and Alb. shton ‘adds’Cf. Matzinger 2006a:208.. Furthermore, the Anatolian languages seem to point to a root verb PAnat. *stóh2-/*sth2-´ ‘to stand’ (CLuw. tā-(i), HLuw. /ta-(i)/, Lyc. stta-(ti) ‘to stand’) beside a i̯e/o-present PAnat. *sth2-i̯é/ó- (Hitt. tii̯e/a-(mi) ‘to place oneself’); cf. above sub PAnat. Reconstruction. For further verbal formations, cf. LIV²:590–592. An overview of the numerous nominal stems formed to PIE *steh2- is given in NIL:637–659.
[T.S.]
4. Transmission
Ved. ásthāt aor. ‘stepped, stood up’ (RV+), tíṣṭhati pres. ‘steps, stands up; stands’ (RV+), tastháu perf. ‘stands; has stood up’ (RV+), sthitá- adj. ‘standing, fixed’ (RV+), sthā́- adj. ‘standing, situated’, sbst. n. ‘standing thing, immovable thing’ (RV+), -sthā́- ‘standing’ as second compound member (e.g., rathe-ṣṭhā́- ‘standing on the chariot; charioteer’ [RV+]), sthā́man- sbst. n. ‘location’ (RV+), sthíti- sbst. f. ‘location, rank’ (Br+), etc.Cf., e.g., EWAia II:764–766, LIV²:590f. with notes 2, 7, 17a, NIL:637–659.– YAv. hištǝṇti pres. ‘stand (up)’, OAv. stā̊ŋhat̰ s-aor. subj. ‘may he step’, YAv. vi-šastarǝ perf. ‘they stretch’, YAv. -stāiiā caus. ‘put, place’, OPers. -stāyam caus. ‘put, placed’, YAv. -štā- as second compound member (e.g., raϑaē-štā- ‘warrior’, cf. Ved. rathe-ṣṭhā́- ‘standing on the chariot; charioteer’), YAv. stāiti- sbst. f. ‘standing’, etc.Cf., e.g., EWAia II:764–766, LIV²:590f. with notes 7a, 17b, 20, NIL:637–659.
Gk. ἵστημι, Dor. ἵστᾱμι pres. act. ‘make stand, set up, take position, bring to a standstill, etc.’, ἵσταμαι pres. midd. ‘make myself stand, stand up, step, etc.’, ἔστην root aor. ‘stepped, stood up’, ἔστησα s-aor. ‘made stand, put, placed’, ἕσταμεν perf. ‘stand’ (all Hom.+); στατός adj. ‘placed, standing (still), stalled, etc.’ (Il.+), στάσις sbst. f. ‘standing, standing still, stand, location, position, etc.’ (Alc., Thgn., Pi. et al.), etc.Cf., e.g., GEW I:739, GEW II:777f., LIV²:590f. with n. 18, NIL:637–659, EDG:601, 1390f.
Arm. ertʻa- aor. ‘to go’,< *per-steh2-, as per Klingenschmitt 1982a:96, 104. Cf. also LIV²:590f. with n. 3.ertʻa- pres. ‘to go’,< *per-stisth2-, with loss of the reduplication, according to Klingenschmitt 1982a:104; cf. also LIV²:590f. with n. 8.stana- pres. ‘to purchase’,< PIE n-infix pres. *st-ne-h2- (*st-n̥e-h2-, *st-n̥-h2-), cf. Klingenschmitt 1982a:112, LIV²:590f. with n. 12.harowst adj. ‘mighty, great’Perhaps from “an original compound *pr̥h3os-stah2-, *pr̥h3os-sth2o- or the like, lit. ‘standing in front’” (Olsen 1999a:621), cf. NIL:638, 648 n. 34.
Lat. sistere, sistō pres. ‘to cause to stand, set up’ (Plaut.+), Umbr. sestu pres. 1sg. ‘place, put’, Osc. status ppp. nom. pl. m. ‘put, placed’, etc.;Cf., e.g., LIV²:590–592, EDLIL:567 with further lit.Lat. stāre, stō pres. ‘to stand; to halt’ (Naev.+), Umbr. stahu pres. 1sg. ‘stand’, Osc. staít pres. 3sg., stahínt pres. 3pl. ‘stand’, etc.;Cf., e.g., LIV²:590–592 with n. 25–26, EDLIL:589f. with further lit.Lat. dē-stināre, dē-stinō ‘to arrange the purchase of (Plaut.); to determine, settle (Cic.+)’;Cf., e.g., LIV²:590f. with n. 14, EDLIL:589f.status ppp. ‘placed’ (Cato+), status, -ūs sbst. m. ‘standing, position, etc.’ (Plaut.+), stabulum sbst. n. ‘stable, shed, etc.’ (Plaut.+), etc.Cf., e.g., NIL:637–659, EDLIL:589f.
Goth. standan ‘to stand’, ON standa ‘id.’, OE standan ‘id.’, OS standan ‘id.’, OHG stantan ‘id.’, etc.;Cf., e.g., Lühr 2000a:94f., EDPG:473.OFris. stān ‘to stand’, OHG stān, stēn ‘id.’, etc.;Cf., e.g., LIV²:590, 593 n. 28, EDPG:477.Goth. stols m. ‘throne’, ON stóll m. ‘chair’, OE stōl m. ‘id.’, OHG stuol m. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., NIL:641, 657 n. 132–133, EDPG:481.
TochB tākā-, TochA tāk(ā)- ‘to be, become’, cf., e.g., TochA tāmäs subj. ‘we will be’Cf., e.g., LIV²:590f. with n. 4, Malzahn 2010a:638–640 with further lit.
Alb. shton ‘adds’Cf., e.g., LIV²:590f. with n. 15, Matzinger 2006a:123, 208.