/tawara-/, CRUS-wa/i+ra/i
‘standing’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, gender unknown
- ID
- 1410
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tawara-/, CRUS-wa/i+ra/i
‘standing’1.1.1Transmission
The single attestation of this hapax legomenon can be found in an inscription from Karkamiš, dating to the 8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| dat./loc. sg. | /tawara/ | CRUS-wa/i+ra/i? | KARKAMIŠ A5a, §9 (Karkamiš) |
Hawkins 2000a:184 notes that the presence of 〈+ra/i〉 is not assured, as the surface of the stele is badly abraded and barely legible. If the sign is, in fact, not present, some of the discussion of the morphology under Stem below is void.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of the beginning of the word under discussion is clear, because it is part of the large word family around the verb /ta-(i)/ ‘to step; to stand’. However, its form beyond the root is less transparent for the fact that the HLuw. corpus largely lacks comparable forms, cf. the discussion of the stem below.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
While the general meaning of the lexeme is clear, its form has been interpreted in various ways, see the discussion under Stem below. The difficulties arising from the lexeme itself are exacerbated by the fact that its sole occurrence is found in a text with rather opaque content due to both damage to the stele as well as a number of unknown or unclear words. Its current interpretation relies heavily on the likely etymological link with the verb /ta-(i)/ ‘to step; to stand’. In KARKAMIŠ A5a, §9, the clause runs as follows: wa/i-ta (“*476?”)hi-ru-˹tà?˺-ri+i si-su-wa/i á-mi-zi tara/i-pu-na-la-zi-i POST+ra/i-ta TERRA.DEUS.DOMINA SOL2.DEUS.SOL PRAE-i CRUS-wa/i+ra/i? á-sa-ti, approx. /wa=tta hirudadi sisuwi aminzi tarpunallanzi apparanta … pari tawara asti/, meaning ‘By curse, my rivals are stood afterwards before the Earth’s Divine Lady (and) the Sun-god of Heaven for sisuwi-’ vel sim. If new evidence for the lexeme surfaces, the current analysis may have to be reevaluated.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Deriving from the verb /ta-(i)/ ‘to step; to stand’, the present lexeme seems to involve a suffix /-wa-/, which is also found in /tawan(i)-/ and CLuw. tattawali(t)- ‘?’, yet its meaning and function remain opaque. From a putative base */tawa-/, /tawara-/ is derived with the help of the suffix /-ra-/, forming an adjective that subsequently underwent substantivization.
For an older now obsolete analysis, see Hawkins 2000a:184, whose take on the matter was based on the hypothesis that /hatura-/ (now identified as a noun denoting ‘life’, see Waal 2016a) was a verb meaning ‘to write’. With the /hatura-/ data gone, the evidence for the proposed agent-oriented gerundive /-ura/-wara/ (cf. Yakubovich 2015b:6.5) has shrunk to one uncertain form, viz. the present lexeme, and the putative grammatical form should therefore be set aside until it can be bolstered by new evidence.
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head see HLuw. /ta-(i)/.