CRUS+RA/I
‘to stand (?)’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2428
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
CRUS+RA/I
‘to stand (?)’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested twelve times in inscriptions from dating to between the 10th and late 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| 3sg. pret. act. | /.../ | CRUS+RA/I | ADIYAMAN 1, §1 (Commagene) |
| KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §8 (Karkamiš) | |||
| KARKAMIŠ A11a, §10 (Karkamiš) | |||
| AKSARAY, §4a (Tabal) | |||
| AKSARAY, §4c (Tabal) | |||
| SULTANHAN, §11 (Tabal) | |||
| CRUS | ARSUZ 2, §5 (twice) (Amuq) | ||
| ARSUZ 1, §5 (Amuq) | |||
| 3pl. pret. act. | CRUS+RA/I | TOPADA; §26 (Tabal) | |
| ARSUZ 1, §5 (Amuq) | |||
| POTOROO, §3a (unknown) |
In earlier analyses, the forms of the present verb were usually included in the paradigm of /ta-(i)/ ‘to stand’, cf. the discussions below. The above list includes TOPADA, §26 against Hawkins 2000a:458.
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this word is unclear. The spelling with 〈+ra/i〉 shows it to be different from the well-attested and semantically very similar verb /ta-(i)/ ‘to stand’ and other related words whose shape is known, see the discussions by e.g. Oshiro 1993b:48-50 and Hawkins 2000a:238, 345. A literal interpretation of the sign used would suggest a shape such as /tara-/ or /tari-/, but since fully syllabic renditions have yet to be discovered, this is mere speculation for now, particularly since the similarly spelt 〈CRUS+RA/I-nu-wa/i-〉 stands for /arnu(wa)-(i)/ ‘to remove’ (cf. Hawkins 1986b:97). Besides that, it is noteworthy that the verb never comes with spelt out inflectional endings, which is clear from the exact same spelling being used for the 3sg. and the 3pl. pret. act., see Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:247 n. 8, cf. also the remarks by Hawkins 1986b:97 with references.Erroneous Oshiro 1993b:49f., who assumes falsely that a 3pl. ending could undergo rhotacism; it cannot, because the prerequisite VCV condition is not met due to the mandatory 3pl. cluster /-nt-/.
The logogram CRUS (sign *82), which resembles a lower leg, is used with a number of words either as a logographic determinative or as representing part of the phonological shape of the word, most prominently with the verb /ta-(i)/ ‘to stand’ and with a clear link to the semantic domain of standing. In some other cases, it appears to be used purely for its syllabic value 〈ta6〉, e.g. in /tanima-/ ‘all, entire, every’ at TELL AHMAR 1, §17.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Because the attested forms were long assumed to belong to the paradigm of /ta-(i)/ ‘to stand’, an approximative meaning was assigned early on (see Forrer 1932a:52 followed by Meriggi 1934b:8, later e.g. HHG:115; erroneously Laroche 1960c:49f. “venir”). The verb is used in a variety of contexts, one of them being price statements, cf. Hawkins 1986b:96-98, followed by Morpurgo Davies 1987a:212 n. 18. Thus e.g. at KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §§7-8: *a-wa/i-ta *a-mi-ia-za (LITUUS.AVIS)ta-ni-ia-za REGIO-ni-i a-tá (DEUS)BONUS-na (DEUS.VITIS)ti-PRAE-ia-ha ARHA (PONERE2)u-pa-ta a-wa/i mi-ia-za (LITUUS.AVIS)ta-ni-ia-za OVIS(ANIMA)-i 10 ASINUS CRUS+RA/I, approx. /a=wa=tta ammiyanz taniyanz wattani anta Kumarman TiPariyan=ha ahha ubatta a=wa ammiyanz taniyanz hawi … tarkasniyan=za …/, meaning ‘And in my holdings in the country, it (scil. the assumed benevolence of the storm-god) brought forth the grain-god and the wine-god, and in my holdings, ten homers (of barley?) stood for one sheep’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:109).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Unclear. The available attestations do not even provide a clear picture of the endings (cf. e.g. Hawkins 2000a:97), thereby also leaving unresolved the question of the stem class.
[AH.B.]