*éni

This lexeme is attested approx. 120 times in most regions, with the notable exception of Hama and Aleppo. Attestations date from the 13^th century to the early 7^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

The above table offers a representative selection of attestations, excluding broken and uncertain examples unless they are singular.

Note that 〈INFRA-ní〉 at CEKKE, §8 is correctly transliterated as INFRA/SUB, because it lacks the LITUUS; cf. the discussion of the phonological interpretation below.

According to Yakubovich 2017e:s.v., the above table should also include seven instances of /anni/ in the SÜDBURG inscription (§§1, 3a, 6, 7, 9, and twice in 11), where it would be spelt 〈á+INFRA.KA〉, following Melchert 2002a:138-141,It should be noted that Melchert 2014a:135 incl. n. 10 retracts his Melchert 2002a view and instead aligns with Rieken 2007a; Melchert 2018a lays out the matter in detail. contra Hawkins 1995a:22 and Rieken 2007a. The present analysis follows the view first expressed in Hawkins 1995a:22, 28 passim that the string of signs should be read 〈INFRA á-ka〉 and represents a verb modified by a preverb and means ‘to subject’ vel sim. The view expressed by Melchert 2002a and Yakubovich 2017e is based on two main premises: first, the arrangement of the three signs suggests a reading 〈á+INFRA.KA〉 more than 〈INFRA á-ka〉; second, some clauses containing it feature another verb besides.The latter point is no proof, of course, but can serve as an indicator that the word in question may be something else. The spelling 〈á+INFRA.KA〉 for /anni/, which seems rather peculiar, would be due to a mixture of Luwian and Hittite graphemic reading aids with 〈á〉 serving as the Luwian phonetic indicator for the word to start with /a-/ and 〈KA〉 representing a semantic aid from Hittite (referencing katta ‘down’, which, however, equals /zanta/ in Luwian). See Melchert 2018a:232f. for arguments against these points.

[A.P.] [AH.B.]

Even though the phonological form of the word remained in the dark until recently, its general semantic content was reasonably clear already to Laroche 1960c:37f.Although this, too, was not as early as with most other postpositional adverbs, cf. Bossert 1949a:104 who analyses it correctly as a postposition, but considers the meaning to be “inmitten, unter” vel sim. The meaning ‘with’ was further corroborated by evidence from commercial transactions (Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1982a:104). After the work by Goedegebuure 2010b and Yakubovich 2010b, Boroday & Yakubovich 2018a:8-11 examined the meaning of /anni/ in detail, coming to the conclusion that it also means ‘to’ and ‘for’ in addition to ‘from’ (in commercial transactions).

Its use as a postposition can be observed e.g. in KARKAMIŠ A1a, §18: *a-wa/i-mu za-a-zi DEUS-ní-zi ta-ní-mi-zi CUM-ní ARHA PES-wa/i-ta, approx. /a=wa=mu zanzi massaninzi taniminzi anni ahha awinta/, meaning ‘(When I came forth), all these gods came forth with me’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:88), where the dative object /=mu/ ‘me’ occurs in the initial clitic chain. Additionally, /anni/ is especially frequent in postpositional function in KULULU lead strip 1, where it governs the dative of the recipient(s) of the allocated goods and is best rendered as ‘for’.For a particularly clear picture of this lead strip and of how /anni/ appears in the same formulaic construction over and over, see Hawkins 2000a:506-509.

Yakubovich 2010b:380 n. 9 hypothesises that there may have been a semantic difference between /anni/ and /anna/ at some point, but their free alternation in KARATEPE 1 shows that this has since vanished.

[AH.B.]

As an adverb, the present word is indeclinable. The attestations prove the existence of allomorphy with /anni/ and the occasional /anna/, with no discernible semantic or syntactic difference. The allomorphy suggests that the final /-i/ and /-a/ are to be seen as adverbial suffixes.

The word is used in several compounds, some of them with other adverbs, e.g. /appanni/ ‘behind’ (Boroday & Yakubovich 2018a:12).

[AH.B.]

1. /annadawin/

2. /tawiyan(ni)/

3. /appanni/

This lexeme is potentially found in a letter pertaining to the Kaskeans.

[D.S.]

Whereas Starke 1985b:370 reads an-x, we suggest the reading an-˹ne˺ and recovers the preverb known from HLuw. /anni/. The following word is here interpreted as a 3sg. impv. act. verbal form ḫu-u-du (see CLuw. ḫū-^(di)). Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).

[D.S.]

The meaning assigned here is entirely dependent on the equation with HLuw. /anni/.

[D.S.]

1. annaul(i)-

The lexeme is attested once in a poetic inscription found in the Sardis cemetery.

[I.Y.]

The lexeme occurs in the postpositional phrase širmaλ ẽn. Its precise meaning cannot at present be determined by context (Gusmani 1964a:104f.). The translation ‘in’ is tentatively proposed in Meriggi 1935a:115 n. 112. Such an interpretation cannot be ruled out, but the range of meanings of the likely Luwian cognate /anni/ tips the scales in favour of the translation ‘at’, ‘for’, or something similar. Furthermore, Lyd. e͂n cannot be synchronically separated from the prefix e͂n-, which appears to have a benefactive function (cf. the forms listed under compounds).

[I.Y.]

1. ẽndiplint

2. ẽnšarpta-

3. ẽnšλipi-^(d)

4. ẽntro-^(d)

5. ẽnu-^(d)

6. fẽnanil

7. fẽnca-^(t)

8. fẽntašẽn(i)-

9. ẽnwaλa-

1. ẽntarfλo-