u-^(d)

Despite several attempts, no plausible etymologically has so far been  suggested for Lyd. u-^(d) ‘to write’ (cf. Gusmani 1964a:219 with further literature, and Yakubovich 2005b:77 n. 12 against the connection with HLuw. /kwanza-^(di)/ ‘to incise’). Considering the shape of the root, it is likely that an initial consonant has disappeared and that the root ended with a diphthong, which would explain its lenited mi-conjugation. Therefore, a connection with the PIE root *g̑^heu̯- ‘to pour’ is the most straightforward reconstruction, i.e. *g̑^héu̯-/g̑^hu-´ ‘to pour (words)’ > ‘to write’. The root is also found in Hittite kutta- ‘wall’ (< *g̑^heu̯- + -t-) (see Rieken 1999a:136f. and HEG I-K:676f., HED K:297, EDHIL:499).

[D.S.]

PIE *g̑^heu̯- means primarily ‘to pour’ (cf. LIV²:179), secondarily also ‘to pour a libation’ (in religious contexts) and ‘to heap sth. up (e.g. earth)’. For the latter meaning, cf. ModHG schütten ‘to pour’ alongside auf-schütten ‘to heap up’. Whether Lyd. u-^(d) ‘to write’ comes from *‘to pour words’ is doubtful, however. Usually, ‘to pour words’ (e.g. Lat. verba fundere) is a (poetic) expression for ‘to let words be heard’ rather than ‘to write words’.

As for the verbal stems formed to PIE *g̑^heu̯- ‘to pour (a libation); to heap up’, a root aorist *g̑^héu̯-/*g̑^hu-´ can be reconstructed on the basis of Gk. ep. ἔχυτο aor. midd. ‘streamed’ (LIV²:179) and perhaps also Lyd. u-^(d) ‘to write’ (but see the concerns sub Semantic Reconstruction above). The reduplicated present *g̑^hi-g̑^héu̯-/*g̑^hi-g̑^hu-´ (→ Ved. juhó-^ti) and the thematic present *g̑^héu̯-e/o- (> Gk. χέω) are both limited to a single language. For further verbal formations, cf. LIV²:179. A nominal stem attested in several languages is, e.g., the verbal adjective *g̑^hu-tó- (Gk. χυτός in Hom. χυτὴ γαῖα ‘heaped-up earth’, Ved. hutá- adj. ‘sb. to whom is sacrificed’, PGerm. *ǥuđa- n. ‘god’ > OS god, OHG got, etc.,< pre-PGerm. *g̑^hu-tó-m; for the semantics, cf., e.g., Lühr 2000a:304, Watkins 2011a:31b s.v. gheu- in the attached language-and-culture note, Jackson & Oettinger 2014a.TochA ñäkt, TochB ñakte ‘god’< PToch. *n^jä-kätæ- < pre-PToch. *ni-g̑^hu-tó-m, as per Hackstein 2006a:100–103, Hackstein 2017a:1312.). Furthermore, cf. Ved. hóman- n. ‘libation, sacrificial pouring, sacrifice’, Gk. χεῦμα n. ‘that which is poured, stream, etc.’ < PIE *g̑^héu̯-men- n. and Ved. ā́-huti- f. ‘libation, sacrifice’, Av. ā-zūiti- f. ‘clarified butter, sacrificial fat’, Gk. χύσις f. ‘shedding, pouring out/forth; heap; etc.’ < PIE *g̑^hu-ti- f. Noteworthy is also the t-stem noun Hitt. kū̆tt(a)- c. ‘wall’ < PIE *g̑^héu̯‑t‑/*g̑^hu-t-´ vel sim. ‘what is heaped up’ (Germ. Aufschüttung); cf. EDHIL:498f., Rieken 1999a:136f. – Alongside PIE *g̑^heu̯- ‘to pour’ there is an extended root variant *g̑^heu̯d- ‘id.’ (LIV²:179f.), with reflexes in Italic and Germanic – cf., e.g., Lat. fundere pres. ‘to pour’ ← nasal-infix pres. *g̑^hu-né-d-/*g̑^hu-n-d-´ and PGerm. *ǥeu̯te/a- ‘to pour’ (Goth. giutan, OHG giozan, etc.) < pre-PGerm. *g̑^héu̯d-e/o-; cf. for both LIV²:179f. For further derivatives of PIE *g̑^heu̯(d)-, cf. the transmission above and IEW:447f.

[T.S.]

Ved. juhó-^ti pres. ‘to pour; to sacrifice’ (RV+), hutá- adj. ‘sb. to whom is sacrificed’ (RV [6.50.15]+), hótar- m. ‘chief priest, sacrificer’ (RV+), hótrā- f. ‘libation, sacrifice’ (RV+), hótra- n. ‘act of sacrificing, priesthood’ (RV+), hóman- n. ‘libation, sacrificial pouring, sacrifice’ (RV), ā́-huti- f. ‘libation, sacrifice’ (RV+); OAv. zaotar- m. ‘priest’, YAv. zaoϑrā- f. ‘libation’, YAv. zaoϑra- n. ‘libation, priesthood’, Av. ā-zūiti- f. ‘clarified butter, sacrificial fat’Cf., e.g., EWAia II:808f. s.v. HAV, 821 s.v. hótar- and hótrā-, 822 s.v. hóman-, LIV²:179.

Gk. χέω pres. ‘to pour’, ep. ἔχυτο aor. midd. ‘streamed’, etc.; χυτός adj. ‘heaped up’ (Hom. only χυτὴ γαῖα), χεῦμα n. ‘that which is poured, stream, etc.’ (ep. Ion. poet., Il. 23.561+), χύσις f. ‘shedding, pouring out/forth; heap; etc.’ (Od.+)Cf., e.g., GEW II:1090–1093, LIV²:179, EDG:1627–1629.

Arm. joyl (o-stem) sbst. ‘a molten mass; weight’, adj. ‘molten, massive’, jew sbst. (o-stem) ‘form, shape, fashion’Cf., e.g., Olsen 1999a:36 s.v. E. joyl, 47 s.v. G. jew, EDAIL:432f. s.v. jew, 438 s.v. joyl.

Lat. fundere, -ō pres. ‘to pour, let go, emit’ (Plaut.+), fūtis, -is sbst. ‘water-vessel’ (Varro), etc.; (?)Umbr. hondu 3sg. impv. II ‘he shall strike down!’Cf., e.g., Untermann 2000a:331f., EDLIL:249f.

Goth. giutan vb. ‘to pour’, ON gjóta vb. ‘id.’, OE gēotan vb. ‘to pour, flow’, OHG giozan vb. ‘to pour’, etc.; ON gjósa vb. ‘to gush (out/forth); Goth. guþ m. ‘god’, ON goð m./n. ‘id.’, OE god m. ‘id.’, OS god m. ‘id.’, OHG got m. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., Lühr 2000a:304f. s.v. goð, EWAhd IV:357–360 s.v. giozan, 534–537 s.v. got, EDPG:177 s.v. *geutan-, 193f. s.v. *guda-.

TochAB ku- ‘to pour, offer a libation’, cf. TochB pres. VIII kuṣän-ne, TochA pret. III śosā‑ṃ, etc.; TochB ñakte, TochA ñäkt sbst. ‘god’; TochB eñcuwo sbst. ‘iron’Cf., e.g., Malzahn 2010a:596–598 s.v. ku-, DTB²:190f. s.v. ku-, 281f. s.v. ñakte, Hackstein 2017a:1312 (for TochB ñakte, TochA ñäkt), 1323 (for TochAB ku-), Hackstein 2006a:100–103 (for TochB ñakte, TochA ñäkt), Hackstein, Habata & Bross 2019a:208f. with lit. (for TochB eñcuwo).