*h3r-i̯é/ó-
‘to raise’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2221
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/ari-(ti)/, PUGNUS-ri+i-
‘to raise’1.1.1Transmission
The lexeme is attested at least 25 times in the HLuw. corpus, with three more putative attestations (see under Forms). Dating to between the 12th and the late 8th centuries BCE, the various inscriptions originate from most regions of the HLuw. area except the far west. Despite the large overall distribution, the bulk of the data can be attributed to Iron Age Luwian from the 10th century BCE onwards, and the relevant sites are mostly in Amuq and Karkamiš.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
The attested form in KARKAMIŠ A6, §20, 〈PUGNUS-ri+i-wa/i〉, is not secure. While the signs are perfectly legible, their order is not entirely clear, and the sign 〈lá/í〉, here assumed to belong to the preceding word 〈SUPER+ra/i-a-lá/í〉, may in fact belong to 〈PUGNUS-ri+i-lá/í-wa/i〉 instead, cf. the discussion in Hawkins 2000a:127.
Three more places may hold attestation of this lexeme: TELL AHMAR 3, §1, TELL AHMAR 1, §5b, and KARKAMIŠ A15b, §4. However, only the endings of the respective forms still exist and therefore do not provide enough evidence, even if the contexts strongly imply the presence of the lexeme.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Despite a lack of fully syllabically spelt forms, the phonological interpretation of this lexeme is nevertheless reasonably certain. A direct cognate is found in CLuw. /ari-(ti)/ ‘to raise’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning ‘to raise’ was first suggested for CLuw. /ari-(ti)/ by Meriggi 1957a:209 and has proved suitable also for HLuw. (cf. Starke 1990a:303). In most contexts in the HLuw. corpus, the verb is used transitively with an accusative object and often also a beneficiary in the dative. At least once, however, /ari-(ti)/ appears in an intransitive construction in SULTANHAN, §23: a-wa/i wa/i-ia-ni-i-sa PUGNUS-ri+i-ti-i, approx. /a=wa wiyanis aritti/, translating as ‘The vine rises’, following after a clause in which the storm-god causes a vineyard to grow. Fortuitously, the verb is also attested in the same text in its more usual transitive usage, see SULTANHAN, §19 with the enclitic /-ada/ representing the accusative object. This suggests strongly that the verb is labile.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The verb is a deradical formation in /-i-(ti)/ (Sasseville 2021a:132-134).
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
āri-(ti)
‘to raise, stop’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is well attested in various rituals, such as those of the Kuwattalla tradition and in the ritual with a mythical scene concerning the neglected deity (CTH 764).
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. ind. act. | a-ri-it-t[i] | KUB 35.107+ ii 5 | (CTH 764, MS) |
| a-˹ri-it˺[-ti] | KUB 35.107+ ii 2 | (CTH 764, MS) | |
| 3sg. pret. ind. act. | a-a-ri-it-ta | KBo 7.68+ ii 20 | (CTH 770, NS) |
| a-ri-it-ta | KBo 7.68+ ii 19 | (CTH 770, NS) | |
| 3pl. pret. ind. act. | a-a-ri-in-ta | KUB 35.107+ ii 8 | (CTH 764, MS) |
| a-ri-in[-ta] | KUB 35.107+ ii 7 | (CTH 764, MS) | |
| KUB 35.107+ ii 12 | (CTH 764, MS) | ||
| 3pl. impv. act. | a-ri-in-du | KBo 29.54, 6 | (CTH 770, NS) |
| part. dat. sg. | a-ri-im-mi | KUB 35.21 rev. 17’ | (CTH 761, MS) |
| [a-ri-]im-mi | KUB 35.22+ obv. 40’ | (CTH 761, MS) | |
| unknown | a-ri-i-it[-x] | KBo 29.6 iv 13’ | (CTH 763, NS) |
| a-ri-i[t?-]x[ | KBo 60.32, 2’ | (CTH 758, NS) |
Melchert (CLL:27) also, albeit tentatively, includes the form [ … -]ru-un-ni in the paradigm, which is possible but unprovable.
[D.S.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv). Contra CLL:27 and Frotscher 2012a:158, the sign -t[i] (KUB 35.107+ ii 5) is confirmed by the traces left and, therefore, the restoration [-ta] is not possible.
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
The basic meaning of āri-(ti) is ‘to raise’, which is confirmed by the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription (Starke 1990a:303, CLL:26f., outdated Laroche 1959a:30f.). In the context of the mythical scene, in which deities performed āri- on other deities prior to a feast, the verb has been translated as ‘to invite’ by Starke 1990a:304, but as ‘to stop, restrain’ by Melchert (CLL:26f., also Steitler 2017a:396), comparing the same double meaning in Hitt. arā(i)-(mi). Sasseville 2021a:134 can show in a Hittite passage with arā(i)-(mi) that this action is performed on a god in order to stop him.
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
The verb is a deradical stem in -i-(ti) (Sasseville 2021a:132-134) and does not reflect the same stem formation as Hitt. arāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to arise’.
[D.S.]
1.2.6Derivatives
1.3 Lycian A
eri-(ti)
‘to raise, stop’1.3.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in a grave inscription containing a long biography, which can be dated to the reign of Alexander the Great.
[D.S.]
1.3.2Forms
| 3sg. pret. ind. act. | erite | TL 29.9 (Tlos) |
| TL 29.17 (Tlos) |
As argued in Sasseville 2021a:403, 419 against the earlier literature, the transitive verb eri-(ti) ‘to raise’ belongs to a different stem class than the intransitive erije-(ti) ‘to arise’.
[D.S.]
1.3.3Graphic Features
For a recent collation of this inscription, see Tekoğlu 2006a.
[D.S.]
1.3.4Meaning
Based on the context of TL 29.9, in which Alexander The Great does something after he incorporated the province of Lycia into his kingdom, the verbal form erite was translated as ‘took away’ by Carruba 1977a:307, but ‘raised’ by van den Hout 1995a:156 (thus also DLL:16, comparing CLuw. āri-(ti) ‘to raise’). van den Hout 1995abrings further support to this semantic assignment by translating hlm̃mi as ‘taxes’ (followed by Sasseville 2021a:419). Similarly, Hajnal 1995a:95 translates the same phrase hlm̃mi… erite as ‘to hold (Lycia) in tribute’, assuming a different division of the clauses. This is less attractive, although Hajnal 1995arightly points out that the meaning ‘to raise’ can develop to ‘to restrain, stop’ as in CLuw. āri-(ti). This semantic shift should be kept in mind for the Lycian cognate. The other attestation found at TL 29.17 is of no help, since the context is very fragmentary.
[D.S.]
1.3.5Stem
For the stem formation in -i-(ti), see Sasseville 2021a:153f., 419.
[D.S.]
1.4 Palaic
ariye/a-
‘to raise’1.4.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in a festival text for the Palaic pantheon.
[D.S.]
1.4.2Forms
| 2sg. impv. act. | a-ri-e | KUB 35.165 obv. 8 | (CTH 751, OS or MS) |
| a-ri | KUB 35.165 obv. 22 | (CTH 751, OS or MS) |
1.4.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photograph in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[D.S.]
1.4.4Meaning ‘to exalt, to pick up’
Yakubovich 2005c:114 compares the Palaic verb ariye/a- with Luw. ari- ‘to raise’, which fits well in the sentence KUB 35.165 obv. 22: nu-u=š-ši-i=a-am=pí ti-i a-ri ‘You, exalt him for yourself!’ Likewise, the meaning ‘to pick up’ is appropriate in the context of KUB 35.165 obv. 8, where bread is the direct object and the imperative is directed at the gods, i.e. ‘Pick them up!’. Contra Carruba 1970a:51 (and Carruba 1972a:19), the meaning ‘to arrive’ by comparing Hittite ār-/er-(ḫi) ‘to arrive’ does not make sense in any of the contexts, especially since the verb is clearly transitive.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to raise’
Comparing Luw. /ari-(ti)/ ‘to raise’ with Pal. ariye/a- ‘id.’ and Lyc. A eri-(ti) ‘id.’, we may reconstruct a Proto-Anatolian deradical verb in *-i̯é/ó-, i.e. *h3r-i̯é/ó- ‘to raise’ (The unlenited endings in Luwic show that the suffix was accented). The loss of the laryngeal and instead the root vowel must be analogical to the parallel formation *h3r-ói̯h1/-ih1-´ (see PAnat. *h3ór-/h3r-´), i.e. *h3r-i̯é/ó- → *or-i̯é/ó- (see Sasseville 2021a:545). This verbal lexeme has been largely left unreconstructed in the literature or mistakenly placed together with the ḫi-conjugated one; cf. Oettinger 1979a:479, Oettinger 2004c:402 n. 16, EDHIL:200, Frotscher 2012a:158. In Hittite, this transitive formation was replaced by a denominal one arā(i)-(mi) ‘to raise, stop’ < (back-projected) *h3Er-éh2i̯e/o- (Oettinger 1979a:369; contra EDHIL:199).
[D.S.]
See alsoPAnat. *h3ór-/h3r-´, PAnat. *h3ér-u-/h3r-éu̯- and PAnat. *h3runeh2-.
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