*dom-éh2-i̯e/o-
‘to build’
- Language
- Proto-Luwic
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 247
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tama-(di)/, ta-ma-, AEDIFICARE
‘to build’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in the Empire period and then across the Iron Age period. In the Empire Period, it is only attested as a logogram. Its full phonetic spelling is first attested in the Iron Age period during the reign of Tuwati (mid 8th c.), i.e. ÇİFTLİK §2, 3, 4, 5, 22, KULULU 1, §3.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
For the phonological interpretation see under Reconstruction.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning ‘to build, to found’
The meaning of the logogram AEDIFICARE (L.246) ‘to build’ was assigned due to the Phoenician equivalent BN’ ‘to build’ provided in the bilingual inscriptions of KARATEPE, e.g. §71. Hawkins 1971a:116-131 brings decisive evidence that the logogram AEDIFICARE (L.246) is to be equated with the phonetic spelling ta-ma-, which had been previously suggested by Bossert 1949a:112 (and Bossert 1951a:283), but was not accepted by Laroche 1960c:131. The verb /tama-(di)/ occurs with direct objects referring to constructions, e.g. /hilan-/ ‘gate’, /harnis-/ ‘fortress’, DOMUS ‘house’, URBS+MI-n(i)- ‘city’.
[D.S.]
1.1.5Stem
The verb /tama-(di)/ belongs synchronically to the same class as the verb /mna-(di)/ ´to look at´, which shows lenition of the ending in the 3rd person singular, but no diphthong in the ending of the 3rd person plural, e.g. /-adi/ : /-anti/. Pace Oettinger 1979a:569-570 (and Oettinger 2002b:569-570), the verb /tama-(di)/ ‘to build’ does not belong to the ḫi-conjugation (corrected in Oettinger 1992a:243 n. 24).
[D.S.]
1.2 Lycian A
m̃ma(i)-(di)
‘to build, install’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is a hapax legomenon attested in the trilingual inscription of the Letoon dated to 337 BCE (see lately Wagner 2011a:156).
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| 3pl. pret. ind. act. | m̃maitẽ | N 320.7 (Xanthos) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
The division in m̃m(a) + aitẽ suggested by Carruba 1977a:292 is unpersuasive, because it does not account for the syntax of the sentence.
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
The instance m̃maitẽ : kumezijẽ : θθẽ : corresponds to Gk. ἱδρύσασθαι βωμόν ‘to build an altar’ (cf. Hdt. 3.142) and Aramaic KRP’ L-M-‘BD ‘they made a cult’. It refers to the installation of a sacrificial altar or in other words of a cult, cf. Laroche 1979c:63f., Eichner 1983a:59f., DLL:42.
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
The diphthong -ai- in the 3rd plural ending points towards the Lycian class of stems in -a(i)-(di).
[D.S.]
1.3 Carian
†ñmaiλ
‘establish’1.3.1Transmission
A hapax, allegedly attested in C.Si 2a, a bilingual decree of the satraps Idrieus and Ada (thus between 351/350 – 344/343).
[Zs.S.]
1.3.2Forms
| pret. pl. 3. | ñmaiλ | C.Si 2a.4 |
Attestation following Adiego 2007a:390 checked against the available photograph.
The assumption of the existence of this verb is based on the initial lines of the decree, reproduced here as in Adiego 2007a:140, 452 (for problems with the reading of some of these words see s.vv., for the last analysis of this inscription in general see Simon 2016-2017a) but segmented according to the interpunction of the inscription that separates units (usually) larger than a word as a kind of prosodic and/or syntactic units:
[--]ryink̑tmñoś : ‘Idrieus, (son) of Hecatomnos,
sbadak̑tmñoś2eri : and Ada, (daughter) of Hecatomnos, co-regent :
pisñoimδa : ?
pñmnnśñ : the Ponmoonnosean (acc.)
pδa3k̑mśuñk̑išaoyrk̑rimtk̑elŋ4ñmaiλomδalrTñ : ?
stspñ (vacat) ?’
Adiego 2000a:141f., Adiego 2007a:303f., 390 rightly points out that this part must contain at least one verb referring to the action carried out by the satraps (the preserved part of the Greek version is not helpful). Based on the recurrent string -mδa-, which he treats as a particle chain, he chooses pisñoimδa and segments ñmaiλomδa as verbs. He analyzes ñmaiλomδa as ñmaiλ (verb) + -o- (a direct object clitic pronoun) + mδa suggesting a meaning ‘they established it/him’ based on the resemblance to Lyc. A m̃maitẽ ‘they have installed, built vel sim.’ (see s.v.).
However, this analysis cannot be verified. First and foremost, even if it is accepted that °mδa can be used for segmentation, since it shows the end of a verbal unit either as a clitic particle or a verb(al ending) (so the alternative suggestion of the other scholars, see the detailed discussion s.v. mδ(a)-), the beginning of the verb cannot be determined accurately (set aside that not with λ-, for it goes back to *-VllV-, Adiego 2007a:260), since the break of the line has no role in Carian inscriptions. Note also that the role and even the existence of °mδa is uncertain. The proposed meaning of the verb does not lead to a better understanding of the inscription and even if a connection with Lyc. A m̃maitẽ ‘they have installed, built vel sim.’ is assumed, its morphology remains unexplained: what is the “suffix” -λ- (which reflects *-VllV-) and where is the verbal ending (Adiego’s suggestion [Adiego 2000a:142], a sound change *t > λ, whose details are unknown, is entirely ad hoc)? Finally, one of the assured words is pñmnnśñ ‘the Ponmoonnosean’, a genitival adjective in accusative, which means that there must be at least one more accusative, a noun, in the text. This can be not only pδa3k̑mśuñ (if correctly segmented) and stspñ, but also those two words that may end in -ñ in the unsegmentable sequence šaoyrk̑rimtk̑elŋ4ñmaiλomδalrTñ. Although it is possible that in agreement with the interpunction k̑i introduces a relative clause šaoyrk̑rimtk̑elŋ4ñmaiλomδalrTñ (referring to pñmnnśñ : pδa3k̑mśuñ, stspñ may in fact belong to this phrase based on the interpunction), which contains an accusative (a)lrTñ (or more if stspñ belongs here and/or the sequence šaoyrk̑rimtk̑elŋ4ñ also contains an accusative) following a verb at the end of the sequence šaoyrk̑rimtk̑elŋ4ñmaiλomδ(a), the starting point of the verb still remains unclear (as per above).
All in all, there is no evidence for the existence and the proposed meaning of ñmaiλ.
[Zs.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to build’
Kronasser 1956a:228 relates HLuw. ta-ma-ha ‘I built’ etymologically with Gk. δέμω ‘I build’. The etymology has now been generally accepted. Hieroglyphic Luwian /tama-(di)/ and Lycian m̃ma(i)-(di) are here equated regarding both their root and their verbal stem formation. Lycian m̃ma(i)-(di) is best connected to the root *dem- ‘to build’ (with Eichner 1983a:60 n. 61, DLL:42). The Lycian nominal stems in -a(i)-(di) reflect denominatives in *-i̯e/o- to stems in *-eh2- (*-éh2-i̯e/o-). Lycian m̃m(a)i-(di) is a denominative from tãma- c. ‘house, building’, i.e. *doméh2- → *d(o)méh2-i̯e/o-. Differently, Melchert (ibid.) posits a denominative derivation in *-eh2-i̯e/o- from the o-stem, m̃me/i- c. ‘building’, which is not followed here on account of the strong connection of the verbal stems in -a(i)- with the Lycian a-stems (*-eh2-), e.g. xtta- ‘damage’ → xtta(i)-(di) ‘to damage’. For the phonological development of word initial *dm- > *m̃m- see Eichner ibid. The derivation proposed in Melchert 1998c:39 for Lyc. m̃ma(i)-(di) is withdrawn in DLL:42.
The Hieroglyphic Luwian verb /tama-(di)/ no longer shows the diphthong /-ai-/ in the 3rd person plural, but has been remodeled according to the type of /mna-(di)/ ´to look at´ (see forms under lemma). Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:261f. rejects the possibility of reconstructing an athematic type *dméh1-ti based on the premises that the sequence *-eh1- yields Luwian **-ī-. She reconstructs instead a thematic present *démh1-e-ti, in order to explain the lenition of the 3rd singular ending (followed by Jasanoff 2003a:227, Oettinger 2013a:164). This phonological argument is no longer valid, since *-eh1- yields Luwian -ā- (see Melchert 1994a:245). The reconstruction of a thematic verb is possible, however, it loses credibility in face of the paucity (or perhaps non-existence) of the simple thematic present in Anatolian. For a recent overview of the putative thematic inflection in Anatolian see Oettinger ibid. Contra Lehrman 1998a:176, the lenition in the ending excludes the phonological interpretation of HLuw. ta-ma-tà as /Tamta/.
[D.S.]
For the lemma head see PAnat. dem-.