*k̑N̥tV
‘down’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- adv
- ID
- 861
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/zanta/, INFRA-ta
‘down’1.1.1Transmission
This adverb is attested 37 times in the HLuw. corpus, and the relevant inscriptions and other texts originate from most of the HLuw. regions. This broad geographical distribution is matched by a similarly large temporal spread from the oldest inscriptions dating back to the 13th century BCE to the latest in the early 7th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| indecl. | /zanta/ | INFRA-ta-a | MALPINAR, §28 (Commagene) |
| INFRA-ta | |||
| HAMA 4, §11 (Hama) | |||
| INFRA-tá | |||
| ARSUZ 1, §10 (Amuq) | |||
| INFRA | |||
| YALBURT frag. 2, §4 |
The above table lists but a selection of the 37 attestations available in the corpus. Care has been taken to ensure a complete depiction of the spelling variations, as well as the temporal and geographical spread of the adverb; broken attestations have been omitted.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The lexeme is never spelt out fully in syllabic signs, but always represented by the logogram INFRA (*57),The same logogram is transcribed as SUB when it stands for the adverb /annan/ ‘below, under’. That the same logogram can represent two different words is, while not commonplace, established practice in HLuw., cf. the use of the signs *45 for INFANS/FRATER and *79 for FEMINA/MATER. with or without one of the TA signs as a phonetic complement. Consequently, the phonological shape remained unclear for many years, although scholars assumed that it would resemble Hittite katta ‘down’ quite closely, cf. e.g. the entry in Marazzi 1990b:385 and Oshiro 1995a:217. It was only Goedegebuure 2010a:312, who discovered that the shape of the HLuw. adverb must be similar or the same as CLuw. zanda ‘down’, and her proposal and new analysis of CLuw. zanda found immediate acceptance, cf. e.g. Yakubovich 2010b:376f.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
In contrast to CLuw. zanda, the meaning of this adverb in HLuw. was evident at an early stage due to its attestation in the bilingual inscription from Karatepe, see Bossert 1949a:113, even though no one recognised at the time that logogram *57 is used for two different words, viz. INFRA-ta /zanta/ ‘down’ SUB-na-na /annan/ ‘below, under’ or that both have exact cognates in CLuw. The double nature of the usage of sign *57 was formalised in Laroche 1958b:180-183 and Laroche 1960c:36f., who matched the spelling 〈*57-ta〉 to a meaning ‘down’ and the spelling 〈*57-na-na〉 to ‘below, under’, culminating in sign *57 being transcribed variously as either INFRA Thus indirectly suggested in Laroche 1958b:181, where Lat. infra is adduced to describe the difference. or SUB depending on its phonetic complement(s) and hence underlying shape, cf. the practice in Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1982a:96 and Oshiro 1986a:79f. Additionally, scholars realised early on that the meaning of the HLuw. word, quite regardless of its phonological shape, appeared to be equivalent to Hittite katta ‘down’ and assumed the word to be the same in HLuw. (thus e.g.Laroche 1958b:180).
As is common for adverbs in HLuw., these can take on various roles depending on the context, in this case adverb or preverb (see Boroday & Yakubovich 2018a:15). For /zanta/, Oshiro 1995a:218 identifies it as a preverb in a number of contexts, e.g. SULTANHAN, §14 with INFRA-ta “PES”-wa/i+ra/i, /zanta awira/ ‘(it) came down’ and KARKAMIŠ A12a, §7 with INFRA-tá “PUGNUS”-sá-ha, /zanta PUGNUS-sahha/ ‘I stormed down’ (meaning: ‘ran into the ground’).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
This adverb is a full cognate of CLuw. zanda and Hittite katta, both with the same meaning, see Goedegebuure 2010a:313f. As adverbs, /zanta/ and its cognates are indeclinable.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
zanta
‘down’1.2.1Transmission
The attestations of this adverb are widely strewn across genres, dialects, and periods, from OH festivals (NS copies) to NH texts. Only a representative selection of its 26 attestations is documented below.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| indecl. | za-an-da | KUB 25.37 ii 28 | (CTH 771, NS) |
| za-an-da(over erasure) | KBo 4.11, 32 | (CTH 772, NS) | |
| KUB 32.8+5 iii 12’, 13’, 18’, 19’ | (CTH 762, NS) | ||
| za-a[n-da] | KUB 32.8+5 iii 27’ | (CTH 759, NS) | |
| ˹za-an-da˺ | KUB 32.8+5 iii 29’ | (CTH 759, NS) | |
| KUB 35.65 iii 2 | (CTH 763, MS) | ||
| KUB 35.133 ii 5 | (CTH 665, LNS) | ||
| za-an-ta | KUB 35.133 iii 16 | (CTH 665, LNS) | |
| KBo 29.9 obv. 12’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.99, 4’ | (CTH 765, MS) | ||
| za-an-ta | KUB 35.88 iii 14 | (CTH 766, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
The function of zanta as an adverb meaning ‘down’ was first elucidated by Goedegebuure 2010a. She argued cogently that expressions such as =tta zanta ār- ‘to come down from’, -tar zanta kiša(i)- ‘to comb down’, zanda pašš- ‘to swallow down’ and zanta dupa(i)- ‘to strike down, afflict’ equate Hitt. =kan katta ar-, =kan katta kiša(i)-, katta pašš- and (=kan) katta walḫ-, respectively. Moreover, the syntactic position of zanta close to the left edge of the clause or in the preverbal slot is typical for local adverbs in 2nd millennium Cuneiform tradition. Goedegebuure’s interpretation of zanta has been generally accepted, cf. Yakubovich 2010b: 376f., Melchert 2014d:209, Boroday & Yakubovich 2018a:15; without comment HEG W-Z:656).
As a consequence, the earlier analyses of zanta as a conjunction by Otten 1953a:77 and as the petrified abl./instr. form of zā-/zī- ‘this’ as well as all translations building on that are outdated (Carruba 1982a:44 n. 18, Starke 1990a:533 n. 1964a, CLL:278, Tischler 2008a:205, van den Hout 2001a:185 n. 90, Hart 2004a:344; without translation DLL:113).
[E.R.]
1.2.5Derivatives
1.3 Lydian
kat
‘down’1.3.1Transmission
The Lydian word kat is attested only as a prefix in different verbs, e.g. kat-aνil, fa-kat-wãmid, kat-šarlokid, kat-wνẽl (see under the respective lemmata), and perhaps also in nominal formations, e.g. kat-ošν. Gusmani 1964a:145 argues that the meaning ‘down’, which is expected from a comparative perspective, can still be seen in Lyd. kat-ul translated as ‘he wrote down’. Another potential case is kat-šarlokid, which is a verb of punishment, built to the non-prefixed verb *šarlokid- with an expected positive sense (← *šarloka- ‘that which is high, prestige’). Thus, the preverb kat- ‘down’ would give the positive verb *šarlokid ‘lit. he brings prestige’ a bad sense with the connotation of “bringing down”, i.e. kat-šarlokid ‘lit. he brings the prestige down’ (cf. Melchert 1992a:48).
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘down’
The equation of Luw. zanta with Hitt. katta leads to the reconstruction of an adposition with the meaning ‘down’ for Proto-Anatolian. As argued by Goedegebuure 2010a:312, the z-reflex in Luwian demonstrates that the velar was palatalized in Proto-Anatolian, i.e. *k̑. The Luwian cognate also proves the presence of an original nasal, which was sustained already from an Indo-European perspective, so that *k̑N̥tV can now be reconstructed from an Anatolian perspective alone. On the phonological development of the vocalic nasal in Hittite see EDHIL:464. The consideration of the Lydian cognate kat- does not add much to the evidence except that it shows that *k̑ develops to Lyd. k (cf. Melchert 1994a:356).
The Hittite language offers additional cognates with different stem-final vowels, e.g. kattan ‘downward’, katti ‘with’. For katta, the vowel *-o is usually reconstructed; cf. EDHIL:463f., Goedegebuure 2010a:312. However, the vowel -a seen in Hittite and Luwian allows for different possibilities. Goedegebuure 2010a:312 reconstructs Proto-Anatolian *k̑m̥to. More precision can be given from an Indo-European perspective.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
The original meaning of both PAnat. *k̑N̥tV and Gk. κατά can be reconstructed as ‘down’. Since the meaning of PCelt. *kanti ‘together with’ does not correspond, it should be excluded from the comparison (contra GEW I:800); the relation to PIE *kom ‘with’ (cf. Lat. cum ‘id.’, LIPP II:422–428) is preferable.It may be added, however, that Gk. κατά as well as Hitt. katta are also used as quasi-comitative adpositions meaning ‘(along) with’; cf., e.g., Gk. κατὰ ῥόον ‘downstream, with the stream’. This semantic broadening, however, is an independent development in both Greek and Hittite and restricted to particular contexts. On the relationship between Hitt. katta ‘down’, Hitt. kattan ‘down’ and Hitt. katti ‘with, at’, cf. HEG A–K:539–542The underlying PIE formation can thus be reconstructed on the basis of Greek and Anatolian alone as a directional adverb PIE *k̑N̥to ‘down’.
3.1.1Root etymology
Since the exact form of the basic morpheme underlying PIE *k̑N̥to ‘down’ is unknown, no semantic root etymology can be given here.The root PIE *k̑ent- ‘to sting’ (LIV²:326f.) is semantically too different, and PIE *k̑en- ‘to climb, ascend’ (LIV²:324) rather seems to denote a movement in the opposite direction (upwards).If the morphological analysis presented below is correct, the meaning of the derivational base may have been approximately ‘bottom’, whence all. *k̑N̥t-o ‘to the bottom’ > ‘down’.Cf. similarly ModE down, adown ‘down(ward)’ < OE of=dune ‘from the hill’, Holthausen 1934a:2.However, this is only a speculative proposal.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
From an Anatolian perspective alone, the form underlying Luw. /zanda/ etc. has to be reconstructed as PAnat. *k̑N̥tV. Taking Gk. κατά into account, the reconstruction can be specified as PIE *k̑N̥ta/o. However, two more pieces of evidence may help to further elucidate the form of this local adverb: firstly, the Greek dialect of Arcadia attests the form κατυ on several 4th century BCE inscriptions, which points to PGk. *kato rather than *kata (cf. LIPP II:419 n. 6).On the vowel raising PGk. *-o > Arc./Cypr. -υ, cf. Gk. ἄλλο vs. Arc. αλλυ (Schwyzer 1939a:182).However, in this case, one would have to accept a progressive vowel assimilation for the non-Arcadian forms: i.e., PGk. *kato > Gk. κατά.On what is called “Alpha-Harmonie”, cf. LIPP I:99. Furthermore, if Gk. κάτω ‘downwards; beneath, below’ goes back to a hypercharacterized variant *kat-o + *-o, it may be another inner-Greek indication of the color of the word-final vowel of PIE *k̑N̥ta/o.The second hint concerning the second vowel of the form might be the morphological analysis as an allative, which is advisable because of the directional semantics of PIE *k̑N̥ta/o as well as the formal match with the allative ending PAnat. *-a (cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008a:76). According to Dunkel (LIPP II:154–161, esp. 154), this ending goes back to PIE *-o; but its status in PIE as well as its phonological shape (*‑o, *‑a, *‑eh2, or *‑h2e) are still a matter of debate; cf., e.g., Hackstein 2018b, Neri 2018a:256 with n. 1. However, in the present dictionary, the allative ending is reconstructed as PIE *‑o, cf. PAnat. *k̑ō ‘here(to)’.
Therefore, the preform of PAnat. *k̑N̥tV is reconstructed here as PIE *k̑N̥to, an allative form of an otherwise obscure base PIE *k̑N̥t- (*k̑eNt- or *k̑Net-?) ‘(?)bottom’.In LIPP II, Dunkel reconstructs Luw. /zanda/ either as *k̑e ndh-o ‘down’ (cf. LIPP II:398 s.v. *k̑e, *k̑i ‘this; here’, ibid. 47 with n. 21 s.v. *ándhi, *n̥dh- ‘beneath, below, downwards’) or as 2.*k̑o-m+dhe ‘thereby’ (cf. LIPP II:410 s.v. *k̑o-, *k̑i- ,this one‘, LIPP I:124 s.v. *-dhe/i, locatival adverbial ending).
3.2.1Root etymology
Since the exact form of the basic morpheme underlying PIE *k̑N̥to ‘down’ is unknown, no morphological/phonological root etymology can be given here.
Differently, Dunkel reconstructs an underlying adverb *kát ‘down to, down from’ (LIPP II:419–422), mainly on the basis of Gk. κατά ‘down’ and Hitt. katta ‘down’, Lyd. kat- ‘down’. However, his phonological arguments for excluding Luw. /zanda/ and reconstructing *kát instead of *k̑N̥t are not valid: contrary to Dunkel’s assumption (cf. LIPP II:419 with n. 1), the changes PIE *CN̥C > Hitt. *CaC and PIE *k̑ > Lyd. k are acceptable, cf. above with refs.He refers, among others, to Melchert 1984a (pp. 126, 334, 347) but ignores the second part of §6.1.4.1.5.(3) (PAnat. unaccented and non-final *N̥C > Hitt. aC) on p. 126 and misses p. 356 (PAnat. *k̑ > Lyd. k). Since the former sound law only applies to unaccented syllables, it is crucial that the syllabic nasal of PIE *k̑N̥to ‘down’ is unaccented. Whether PIE *k̑N̥to was accented at all, may be a matter of syntactic use, cf. Kloekhorst 2014b:628–630. If it was, it could well bear the accent on the last syllable as its continuant Gk. κατά, thus PIE *k̑N̥tó.
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
Gk. adv., prev., prep. (+ gen., acc.) κατά (also καταί-) (Il.+), Arc. κατυ (4th c. BCE: e.g., IG IV.2.6A) ‘down, alongside, concerning’
Gk. adv. κάτω ‘downwards; beneath, below’ (Il.+)
GEW I:800, GEW III:121, DELG:504f., EDG:656, Egetmeyer 2010a:448, LSJ:882–884, 930f., LSJSuppl:168, 173The following should be excluded from the comparison on semantic grounds: Gk. κασι-, Cypr. ka-si-, Thess. κατι- (hapax, IG IX.2.894) ‘together with (vel sim.)’ as the first member of the compound Gk. κασίγνητος ‘brother [Il.+], sister [S.+], cousin’ [Il.+], κασιγνήτη ‘sister’ [Il.+], etc., ?Myc. ka-si- in m. ka-si-ko-no- ‘?’, cf. on these GEW I:797f., GEW III:121, DELG:503, EDG:653f., Egetmeyer 2010a:92–94, DMic I:328f., LSJ:882, LSJSuppl:121.
PCelt. *kanti ‘together with’, cf. OIr. cét-, MW, OBret., OCorn. cant, Gaul. personal name Cantio-rix
EDPC:188, eDIL s.v. 2 cét-, Falileyev 2000a:21
TochB kätk- ‘to lower, set (down)’, kätkare ‘deep, far (of height)’These lexemes do not belong here, cf. Malzahn 2010a:567f., DTB²:168f.
zantalanu