*=kom
‘(particle)’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- part
- ID
- 2768
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Lydian
kan
‘(preverb)’1.1.1Transmission
The Lydian preverb kan is found attached to various verbs, e.g. fakansfẽni-(t), kanca-(t), fakantro-(d); cf. Gusmani 1964a:142.
[D.S.]
1.2 Palaic
=kan
‘(particle)’1.2.1Transmission
This particle is found in a song attributed here to the Palaic language (KBo 19.160) and also in a festival text with Palaic incantations (CTH 753).
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| indecl. | kán | CHDS 2.52 + KUB 35.159 iii 3´/4´ | (CTH 753, NS) |
| DBH 46/2.101 + CHDS 2.52 + KUB 35.159 iii 1´/3´/4´ | (CTH 753, NS) | ||
| DBH 46/2.101 + CHDS 2.52 + KUB 35.159 iii 4´/7´/8´ | (CTH 753, NS) | ||
| KBo 19.160 ii 5´ | (CTH 754, NS) | ||
| KBo 19.160 iii 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 | (CTH 754, NS) | ||
| ⸢kán⸣ | CHDS 2.52 + KUB 35.159 iii 2´/3´ | (CTH 753, NS) | |
| KBo 19.160 ii 2´ | (CTH 754, NS) | ||
| [ká]n? | KBo 19.160 iii 1 | (CTH 754, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
In the context of CTH 753, the particle =kan is attached each time to the instrumental noun. In one instance, it is used with the verb karšandu ‘to cut’, where the meaning ‘to cut off (a leg)’ is expected from the context. This would be in harmony with the “separating” function of Hitt. =kan (see Brosch 2014b:130 with further literature).
[D.S.]
1.3 Hittite
=(k)kan
‘(particle)’1.3.1Literature / Comments
HW 2nd ed.:55-61, Brosch 2014b:127-137
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
Brosch 2014b:354-356 offers a summary of the various etymologies for Hitt. =(k)kan and points out that the original function of Hitt. =(k)kan is obscured by the fact that we have too little data on this particle in Old Hittite texts. Nonetheless, he adds that the “separating” function, which is secured for Middle Hittite texts, is comparable with the Hitt. adverb kattan ‘downward, off’ but also ‘with, at’ and on an Indo-European level with Lat. cum ‘with’, i.e. PIE *k̑om (or *kom as per LIPP II:425). LIPP II:425, 429 reconstructs PIE *kom ‘together’ for the Hittite particle =kan and the Lydian preverb kan, comparing Ved. kam and Gk. κεν for the former and Lat. com- and cum for the latter.
Purely from a Hittite and Palaic perspective, there is no way to determine what the original vowel was in =(k)kan. Furthermore, since both Hittite and Palaic are centum languages, we cannot know whether the velar was palatalized or not, whereas the situation in Lydian is still uncertain due to the lack of data, but one example in favor of centum might be drawn from Lyd. kat vis-à-vis CLuw. zanda.
[D.S.]