/tanima/i-/, ta-ni-ma-
‘all, every, whole’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- pronadj
- ID
- 751
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tanima/i-/, ta-ni-ma-
‘all, every, whole’1.1.1Transmission
Attested 49 times, this lexeme is one of the most well-represented adjectives in the HLuw. corpus, but its occurrence is limited entirely to Iron Age Luwian, while earlier stages of Luwian appear to have relied on a different word with the same meaning (see HLuw. /punad(i)-/ ‘all, every’). In the 1st millennium BCE, the lexeme is attested in all HLuw. regions towards the east and south-east and far south, though not in the western part of Cilicia. The relevant inscriptions are dated to between the late 10th and the early 7th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. c. | /tanimis/ |
ta-ní-mi-i-sa |
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CRUS-ni-˹mi˺-i-sa |
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OMNIS-mí-sà |
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OMNIS-mi-i-sá |
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| OMNIS-mi-sa | KARATEPE 1 Ho., §18 (Cilicia) | ||
| acc. sg. c. | /tanimin/ | ta-ni-mi | KARKAMIŠ A15b, §22 (Karkamiš) |
| nom./acc. sg. n. | /taniman=za/ |
ta-ni-ma-za |
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ta-ní-ma-za |
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OMNIS.MI-ma-z[a] |
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| OMNIS.MI-za | ASSUR letter e, §22 (Assur) ASSUR letter f+g, §19 (Assur) |
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| dat./loc. sg. | /tanimi/ |
ta-ni-mi-i |
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ta-ni-mi |
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ta-ní-mi |
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OMNIS-mi |
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| ARSUZ 2, §21 (Amuq) | |||
| abl./instr. |
/tanimadi/ |
ta-ni-ma-ti |
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OMNIS.MI-ti |
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| OMNIS.MI-ri+i | SULTANHAN, §5 (Tabal) | ||
| nom. pl. c. | /taniminzi/ |
ta-ní-mi-zi |
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OMNIS-mi-i-zi-i |
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OMNIS-mi-i-zi |
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OMNIS-mí-zi |
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OMNIS-mi-zi |
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OMNIS-mi-zi/a |
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| ˹OMNIS?˺ | BOROWSKI 3, §2 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| acc. pl. c. | /taniminzi/ |
OMNIS-mi-zí-i |
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| OMNIS-mi-zi | KARATEPE 1 Hu., §74 (Cilicia) KARATEPE 1 Ho., §74 (Cilicia) |
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| nom./acc. pl. n. |
/tanimaya/ |
OMNIS.MI-ma-ia |
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OMNIS.MI-ia |
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| /tanima/ |
OMNIS.MI-ma |
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OMNIS+MI-ma |
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OMNIS.˹MI˺-ma |
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OMNIS.MI |
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| dat./loc. pl. |
/tanimanz/ |
OMNIS.MI-ní-i-ma-za4 |
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OMNIS.MI-ma-za |
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OMNIS.MI-za |
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| tara/i-ma-za-ha | AKSARAY, 4§5 (Tabal) | ||
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poss. adj. |
/tanimassis/ | OMNIS-ma-si-sa4 | KULULU 4, §11 (Tabal) |
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poss. adj. |
/tanimassin/ | ta-ni-ma-si-na | KARKAMIŠ A15b, §21 (Karkamiš) |
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poss. adj. |
/tanimassanz/ | OMNIS-ma-sa-za-a | KIRŞEHİR lead strip, §16 (Tabal) |
Several of the attestations listed above are followed by one or more enclitics attaching to the respective form of /tanima/i-/. Only in one case does this result in altering the spelling of the word itself: in KARKAMIŠ A15b, 4§22 the final /n/ of /tanimassin/ is omitted due to the particle chain 〈-ha-wa/i-mu〉 /=ha=wa=mu/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation is reasonably clear for this lexeme, aided by the multitude of attested spelling variations. Earlier interpretations assumed a-vocalisation throughout, but this was abandoned once the value of sign *411 had been corrected from /na/ to /ni/ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:28). The sign 〈mi〉 (*391) is frequently used as a lexical indicator (rather than strictly phonologically), because it appears even in those forms that lack a syllable /mi/ due to not being i-mutated, e.g. the dat./loc. pl. In AKSARAY, §5, the attested form /tarimanza/ shows rhotacism, which is rare for /n/, cf. Melchert 2003b:180.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of HLuw. /tanima/i-/ was first elucidated by Steinherr 1948a:199-201 on the basis of the bilingual inscription from Karatepe, where /tanima/i-/ is used to translate Phoenician kl ‘all’. Examining its behaviour in a number of different contexts, Steinherr 1948a:199 can show that /tanima/i-/ encompasses all meanings of a universal quantifier, i.e. the universal ‘all’, the distributive ‘every’, and the encompassing ‘whole’, without there being an obvious way to distinguish between the three meanings apart from singular and plural marking.
The adjective can also be used in pronominal fashion, i.e. without a noun following it, then meaning ‘everyone’ and debatably also ‘everything’. Such can be found, for instance, in ARSUZ 1, §27, KARKAMIŠ A6, §11, and also in the possessive adjective form attested in KIRŞEHİR lead strip, §16, and several more besides.
Evidence for /tanima/i-/ is limited entirely to the 1st millennium BCE; earlier texts employ a different word for the same meaning: HLuw. /punad(i)-/ ‘all, every, whole’, which is also attested in CLuw.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Clearly an adjective, /tanima/i-/ is subject to i-mutation, and already Čop 1965a:107 noted that it is highly unlikely to constitute a participle in /-mma/i-/. In fact, its stem formation is still largely unclear.
The suggestion by Čop 1965a:107f. to connect HLuw. /tanima/i-/ with Hittite sani- ‘same, one and the same’ is generally rejected on both phonological and semantic grounds (cf. e.g. HEG S:831).
The Glossenkeilwort /dannamma-/ has very likely no cognate link with HLuw. /tanima/i-/.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
tanima/i-
‘all, every, whole’1.2.1Transmission
Attested three times, this lexeme can be found in a Kuwattalla ritual (dupaduparša) and a birth ritual, from the MH period onward.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom. pl. c. | [ta]-ni-mi-in-zi | KUB 32.5, 4’ | (CTH 759, NS) |
| gen. adj. dat./loc. sg. | ta-ni-im-ma-aš-ša-an | KUB 35.88 iii 6’ | (CTH 766, NS) |
| ta-ni-im-˹ma-aš˺-š[a-an] | KUB 35.89, 8’ | (CTH 766, MS) |
The form ta-na-ma-t[i] adduced by Laroche Laroche 1959a:90 and Beckman 1983a:184 does not belong here, see Starke 1990a:544 n. 2013 and CLL:205.
[E.R.]
1.2.3Meaning
The meaning of tanima/i- ‘all, every, whole’ was first elucidated for Hieroglyphic Luwian by Steinherr 1948a:199, who still read /tanama-/ and /tanima-/. Later, Bossert 1957a:201f. identified HLuw. /tana/ima-/ with CLuw. tanima/i- and specified the reading of the HLuw. word as /tanima-/. This was tentatively accepted by Laroche in 1959 (Laroche 1959a:90: ‘tout ?’, more positive Čop 1965a:99, 105) and further confirmed by Starke 1990a:467, who pointed to the parallel between CLuw. [ta]niminzi DINGIRMEŠ-z[i] and HLuw. OMNIS+MI-zi(-ha) DEUS-ní-zi, both ‘all gods’. More recently, Oettinger 2006a:1330 made a semantic distinction between tanima/i- ‘all, every’ and punata/i- ‘whole, all’. Regarding CLuw. tanima/i-, this can be neither confirmed nor refuted, due to the scarce attestation of the word.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Stem
Bossert 1957a:201 analyzes Luw. tanima/i- as a participle of a posited verb *dana/i- ‘to unify, collect’ vel sim. Although this is not wholly impossible, it must remain speculative as long as the verb is only reconstructed and no etymology is available.
[E.R.]
dannamma/i-