*ár-eh₂-

With the comparative material adduced here, we may posit a noun in *-eh₂- continued in Lyc. A ara- c. ‘rite’ with an additional frozen (or adverbial) case for Hitt. āra ‘right’ and HLuw. /ara/ ‘id.’, i.e. PAnat. *áreh₂- ‘what is right, what is due’ (HED A:120), likely built on a thematic adjective *ar-o- (as in Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304 and see the link to PAnat. *ar-ó- below ). In LIV²:269f., the root is reconstructed as *h₂er-, although it is specified that if Hitt. āra belongs to this root, *(h₁)ar- would have to be posited (the latter is preferred by Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304f. with n. 5, LIPP II:288, Eichner 2016a:65 n. 45 “PIE *ar-”; cf. Hajnal 1994a:144 and Martínez Rodríguez 2018a:281 “*h₁er-eh₂- ‘that which comes”For PIE *h₁er- ‘to move’; see Luw. /ar-^(ti)/). Due to the reluctance of reconstructing a vowel *a for a PIE root, Kloekhorst 2006a:83 posits a PAnat. root *h₂or- with o-grade, in which *h₂ is lost before *o. Contra Kloekhorst (EDHIL:198f.), Lyc. A erawazije- does not belong to this root, which eliminates the synchronic argument for reconstructing an o-grade. Moreover, if the sound law adduced by the Leiden scholar were correct, we would expect to find traces of the retention as ḫar- beside ar-, as it happens with the root *h₃er- (Anat. ḫar- beside ar-); see under PAnat. *h₃ór‑/*h₃r̥‑´.

For the connection with the Indo-European root *ar- as found in Gk. ἄραρε ‘to be fitted’ and Skt. áram ‘fitting, right, proper’, see HEG A-H:50, HED A:120f. and EDHIL:198f. all with further literature. However, it is important to point out that Melchert 1999a has tried to adduce certain derivatives such as CLuw. *arla(/i)- and CLuw. aranuwa-⁽ⁱ⁾ as well as Lyd. arwo-^(d) and alarm- to a PIE root of possession as in Lat. rēs ‘property’ and Skt. rāi-/rayi- ‘wealth’, which deserves further investigation; see also under the relevant lemmata.

One should also compare the deradical formation PAnat. *ar-ó- ‘companion’, involving Car. eri, which is taken as the true derivational base of Hitt. arāwa- and Lyc. A arawa- following Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304 and Eichner 2016a:65; see also under the factitive verb PAnat. *arou̯eh₂-.

[D.S.]

The root is mostly attested through nominal derivatives that have a broad variety of meanings, all of which, however, can be traced back in one way or another to a verbal meaning ‘to join, fit together’ (cf. LIV²:269–270 s.v. 1.h₂er- “sich (zusammen)fügen”), as attested in the verbs Gk. ἀραρίσκω, aor. ἤραρον, ἦρσα, perf. ἄρηρα, Ved. sám aranta, r̥ṇóṣ, and (with semantic specialization) in Arm. aṙnem ‘I make’, arari ‘I made’ and YAv. arā̊ṇte ‘they get stuck’. The semantic development ‘to join, fit together’ > ‘what fits, what is right’ is not uncommon: compare *dem(h₂)- ‘to put together’ (Gk. δέμω ‘I build’) and PGmc. *temana- ‘to fit’ (Goth. ga-timan ‘to match’, Germ. ziemen ‘to be appropriate’).

The precise reconstruction of the root under question is debated (see above under PAnat. Reconstruction). Hitt. āra ‘right’ and HLuw. /ara/ ‘id.’ speak decisively in favor of *h₁ar- unless one accepts Kloekhorst’s claim (e.g., in Kloekhorst 2006a:83) that *h₂- is regularly lost before *o and reconstructs an o-grade formation *h₂oreh₂- vel sim. The only other way to decide whether the root is *h₂er- or *h₁ar- would be the existence of a zero grade ἐρ- in Greek, which (qua the expected outcome of *h₁r̥- or *h₁r-) would tip the scales in favor of the latter. Yet, even though the two prefixes ἀρι- and ἐρι- that both mean ‘very, good, high(ly)’ (as in ἀρί-γνωτος ‘easy to be known’ or ἐρι-σθενής ‘very mighty’) could be seen as the avatars of *h₁ari- and *h₁ri-, respectively, such an analysis is not very attractive – apart from the questionable semantics, the two FCMs behave quite differently (ἀρι-° in verbal governing compounds, ἐρι-° in bahuvrīhis) and ἐρι-° (that more often than not means ‘high’) is more readily connected with Hittite šēr ‘above, up’ (with psilosis; see EDG:130 s.v. ἀρί- with references). Alternatively, ἐρι-° ‘high’ might belong with Hitt./CLuw. aru- ‘high’ (Melchert 2009d:618f. n. 15), though the root of the latter is more likely the ‘rise’ root *h₃er- (see under CLuw. aru-), which makes a connection with Gk. ἐρι-° virtually impossible. If Greek ἄρα ‘of course, then, so’ belongs to our root at all (see, e.g., EDG:121 s.v. ἄρα; LIPP II:289), the alleged Cyprian variant ἔρ(α) (extracted from certain glosses in Hesychius) could point to *h₁r-a, though there are good arguments to rather discard it (see LIPP II:289 n. 9). Apart from these forms, I do not know of any solid evidence for a zero-grade Greek ἐρ- attributable to this root.The remaining potentially relevant evidence listed in LIPP II:288–293 (including Phrygian ερα ‘then’) is too doubtful to draw any definite conclusions from it. According to Pinault (apud Massetti 2020a:4 note 13), there were two separate roots in PIE, namely *h₂er- ‘to join together’ and *h₁ar- ‘to fit, suit’, though it is not clear what evidence this is based on.

Formally, the adjective PAnat. *aro- ‘right’ (see above under PAnat. Reconstruction) could either be seen as a full-grade thematic adjective *h₁ar-ó- (comparable with *k^u̯elh₁-ó- ‘going round and round’ > OIcel. hvel n. ‘wheel’, OPruss. kelan ‘id.’) or an o-grade thematic adjective *h₂or-ó- (cf. *tomh₁-ó- > Gk. τομός ‘cutting, sharp’), for either of which a meaning ‘what is fitted, what fits’ can easily be assumed (see Nussbaum 2017a). At least the former reconstruction, viz. *h₁ar-ó-, may also account for the FCM of Ved. ará-mati- f. ‘a righteous mind; deity of the righteous mind’ = Av. ārmaiti- f. (< *arə-maiti-) ‘a righteous mind; deity of the righteous mind’, and Ved. ará-maṇas- ‘ready to serve, obedient’ (*‘with a mind that is *ará-’).

[S.H.]

Ved. sám aranta ‘they joined, fit together’ (RV), r̥ṇóṣ 2sg. inj. ‘you fit’, ará- m. ‘spoke’ (RV+), áram ‘readily, suitably’ (RV+), r̥tá- ‘proper, right, true’, n. ‘truth’ (RV+), r̥tú- m. ‘right, settled time, fit season’ (RV+), ará-mati- f. ‘a righteous mind; deity of the righteous mind’ (RV+), etc.Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; LIV²:269–270 s.v. 1.h₂er-; EWAia I:107 s.v. ará-, I:109–110 s.v. áram, I:254–255 s.v. r̥tá-, I:257 s.v. r̥tú-, I:110 s.v. arámati-; Werba 1997a:166

YAv. arā̊ṇte ‘they get stuck’, OAv. arə̄m, YAv. arəm ‘proper, fitting’, OAv., YAv. aṣ̌a- n. ‘truth’ (°-arəta-, °-ərəta-, OPers. arta-° in compounds), Av. ratu- m. ‘time period; allotment’, ārmaiti- f. (< *arə-maiti-) ‘a righteous mind; deity of the righteous mind’, etc.Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; LIV²:269–270 s.v. 1.h₂er-; EWAia I:109–110 s.v. arám, I:254–255 s.v. r̥tá-, I:257 s.v. r̥tú-, I:110 s.v. arámati-

Gk. ἄρμενος ‘fitting’, ἀραρίσκω ‘join, fit together’, aor. ἤραρον, ἦρσα, perf. ἄρηρα (Il.+), part. perf. ἀρᾱρώς, ἀρηρώς, fem. ἀρηρυῖα, ἀρᾰρυῖα, Myc. a-ra-ru-wo-a /ararwo^ha/ n. pl., a-ra-ru-ja /araruja(i)/, Gk. χαλκο-άρᾱς ‘bronze-armed’ (Pi.), χαλκήρης, -ες ‘fitted, armed with bronze’ (Il.+), Myc. ka-ka-re-a /k^halkāreha/ ‘equipped with bronze’, Gk. δάμαρ, -αρτος f. ‘wife, spouse’ (Il.+), πυλ-άρτης ‘gate-fastener’ (cf. πύλας … εὖ ἀραρυίας Il. 7.339), ἀρθμός m. ‘bond, league, friendship’ (h.Merc., A., etc.), ἅρμα n. (frequ. in pl.) ‘(war-)chariot’ (Il.+), Myc. a-mo, pl. a-mo-ta ‘wheel’, Gk. ἄρα ‘of course, then, so’, ἀρτύω ‘arrange, prepare, make ready’ (Il.+), ἁμ-αρτή adv. ‘together, at the same time’ (Hom., Sol., E.), ἀρετή f. ‘goodness, excellence’, etc.Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; LIV²:269–270 s.v. 1.h₂er-; GEW I:128–129 s.v. ἀραρίσκω, I:142–143 s.v. ἅρμα, DELG:101–102 s.v. ἀραρίσκω, 110–111 s.v. ἅρμα, EDG:123 s.v. ἀραρίσκω, 133–134 s.v. ἅρμα, DMic I:57–58 s.v. a-mo, I:95–96 s.v. a-ra-ru-ja; I:306 s.v. ka-ka; de Meyer 2022a; Vine 1998a:51f.; Massetti 2013-2014a

Lat. artus ‘close, strict’ (Enn./Plaut.+), adv. artē ‘closely, firmly’ (Naev.+; cf. Gk. ἁμαρτή); ars, -tis f. ‘art, skill’ (Plaut.+), in-ers ‘unskilled, inactive’ (Naev.+), soll-ers ‘skillful, ingenious’ (Ter./Cato+), artiō, -ire ‘to insert tightly, wedge’ (Cato+), artō, -āre ‘to fix firmly’ (Plaut.+), artus, -ūs m. ‘joint, limb’ (Enn.+), arma, -ōrum n.pl. ‘armor, arms’ (Plaut.+), etc.Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; WH I:70 s.v. ars, s.v. 1. artus, s.v. 2. artus, 67 s.v. arma; EDLIL:55 s.v. ars, 55–56 s.v. artus, 56 s.v. artus, 54 s.v. arma

Arm. aṙnem ‘I make’, arari ‘I made’, ard (u-stem) ‘shape, order’, ardar ‘righteous’, z-ard ‘ornament’, ard ‘right now’ (cf. Gk. ἄρτι ‘just now’).Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; Klingenschmitt 1982a:162–3, Olsen 1999a:107, EDAIL:112 s.v. aṙnem, 134–5 s.v. ard

PGmc. *ardiz ‘character, nature, quality’ > MHG art, Germ. Art, ON ein-arðr ‘single; firm, determined’, OE eard ‘land, home; condition, state’.Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; de Vries 1977a:96–97 s.v. einarðr, 12 s.v. arðr 2

Lith. artùs ‘near’, adv. artì ‘close’, prep. ‘close to’, ar̃tis m. ‘vicinity’, etc.Cf., e.g., ALEW I:52–53 s.v. artùs

Toch. B arwāre ‘ready’, ārwer indecl. ‘ready’, Toch. A ārwar ‘id.’, B ārt(t)^(ā)-, A ārt^(ā)- ‘approve of, love, praise’ (pres. 3sg. B orttotär, A artär).Cf., e.g., IEW:55–61; Adams 1999a s.v. arwāre, s.v. ārwer, s.v. ārtt-, Malzahn 2010a:528–530