/arawann(i)-/
‘the free one’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 3339
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/arawann(i)-/, a+ra/i-wa/i-ni-
‘freeman’1.1.1Transmission
Attested twice, both occurrences of this lexeme can be found on one of the lead strips from Tabal, dating to the mid- or late 8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| dat./loc. sg. | /arawanni/ | a+ra/i-wa/i-ni-i | KULULU lead strip 1, §3.10 (Tabal) |
| a+ra/i-wa/i-ni | KULULU lead strip 1, §3.14 (Tabal) |
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Intepretation
Attested in fully syllabic spelling, the phonological form proposed for this lexeme is quite certain. It is etymologically linked to Hittite arawa- ‘free’ and its derivatives, see under Meaning below, and very likely belongs to the same word family as the HLuw. verb /arawa-/ ‘to set free’ (see under lemma).
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
First suggested by Hawkins in his editio princeps, the meaning of this lexeme is drawn from its evident cognate link to Hittite arawa- ‘free’ and its word family (Hawkins 1987a:141, 143, and cf. e.g. HW 2nd ed. A:251-257, HED A:116-121 and EDHIL:198). The contexts it occurs in offer little in the way of additional semantic clues, because the word is attested twice in the slot afforded to occupations, which identify further the recipients of allotted goods in the KULULU lead strips. Therefore, the context in no way contradicts the semantic assignment, but it does not support it any further, either. See also Giusfredi 2010b:143f.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
This lexeme is a deadjectival formation in /-ann(i)-/, which produces individualised nouns (Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304f.). Because of the suffix, the noun is assumed to be common gender, although the relevant forms to prove that are not attested.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Luwian in Hittite transmission
arawann(i)-
‘the free one’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in the Hittite Laws and once in a prayer of Muwattalli for the Storm-god of Kummanni.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom. sg. | a-ra-u-wa-an-ni-eš | KBo 6.12 i 6 | (CTH 292, NS) |
| [a-r]a-u-wa-ni-eš | KUB 29.21, 1 | (CTH 292, NS) | |
| acc. sg. | a-ra-u-wa-an-ni-in | KBo 6.26 iii 51 | (CTH 292, NS) |
| a-ra-u-wa-a[n-ni-in] | KUB 29.37 + KUB 29.34 iv 2’/27’ | (CTH 292, NS) | |
| gen. sg. (Hitt.) | a-ra-wa-an-ni-ia-aš | KUB 29.34 iv 23’ | (CTH 292, NS) |
| [a-ra-u-w]a-ni-ia-aš | KUB 29.36 + KUB 29.35 iv 6’ | (CTH 292, OS) | |
| acc. pl. (Hitt.) | *a-˹ra-u-wa?-an?-ni?-uš?˺* | KBo 6.26 iii 32 | (CTH 292, NS) |
| gen. adj. nom./acc. pl. n. | ˹a-ra˺-wa-an-na-aš-ša | KBo 11.1 rev. 14’ | (CTH 382, NS) |
The word is sometimes marked with the determinatives LÚ or MUNUS to express the gender of the free person in question, which is disregarded here. The genitival adjective is followed by the enclitic pronoun =ya ‘and’, i.e. a-ra-wa-an-na-aš-ša=ia, and modifies SISKUR (Luw. coll. malḫašša), i.e. ‘ritual of the freemen’.
[D.S.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
The “Hittite” word arawanni- corresponds to Akkadian ELLUM ‘free (person)’ (Hoffner 1997b:169; see HW 2nd ed. A:257f. for a summary of the older literature.).
[D.S.]
1.2.5Origin
A Luwian origin has been posited for arawanni- by Melchert 2005a:448 (but not by HEG A-H:55 or HEG A:119). While Melchert does not give any justification, Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:305 demonstrate with parallel examples that the formation in -ann(i)- derived from Hitt. arawa- ‘free’ must be a Luwian creation. For the Luwian suffix -ann(i)-, see Starke 1990a:62, 680, and for the reconstruction of the suffix in comparison with Lydian -ẽn(i)-, see Sasseville 2017a:136. Further evidence for a Luwian origin (pace Giusfredi 2010b:143f.) is its attestation in HLuw. context, see HLuw. /arawann(i)-/ above, as well as the use of the genitival adjective in the prayer of Muwattalli.
[D.S.]
For the lemma head see HLuw. /ara/.