/ar-(ti)/
‘to come, arrive’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2294
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/ar-(ti)/, (“PES2”)a+ra/i-
‘to move, come’1.1.1Transmission
Of the three attestations of this lexeme, one can be found on an Empire era inscription from Malatya, dating to the 12th century BCE, while the other two occur on letters excavated in Assur, whose origins are unknown, but which date to the late 8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
|
1sg. pres. ind. act. |
/arwi/ |
(“PES2”)a+ra/i-wa/i |
|
|
3sg. pret. ind. act. |
/arta/ |
(“PES2”)a+ra/i-ta-a |
|
|
PES2+RA/I |
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Despite two fully syllabic spellings, the phonological interpretation of the attested forms is not assured because of the imprecise nature of the HLuw. writing system. If the verb is to be interpreted as belonging to the mi-conjugation, i.e. /ar-(ti)/, the respective forms of the 1sg. pres. act. and the 3sg. pret. act. should be /arwi/ and /arta/, which would be supported by the CLuw. cognate. If, however, it belongs to the ḫi-conjugation (cf. Hitt. ar-/er-(ḫi)), i.e. /ara-(i)/ with a thematic vowel, the same forms would be /arawi/ and /aratta/. The former view is adopted here.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
First identified as a verb of motion and connected with Hittite ar-/er-(ḫi) ‘to come, to arrive’ by Hawkins 2000a:291, 542, 551, the lexeme is intransitive in all its attestations in the HLuw. corpus and can be used as is or combined with pre-verbs such as /ahha/ ‘away, back’ to alter the meaning slightly. Like its Hittite cognate, HLuw. /ar-/ represents a basic level term that can be further specified by additional information, cf. the phrasing in ASSUR letter f+g, §24: a-wa/i-wa/i (“PES”)pa+ra/i-ri+i ARHA-a (“PES2”)a+ra/i-wa/i, which probably represents a rhetorical question, e.g. ‘Come on, shall I come away (i.e. travel) on foot?’, after urging the addressee to send along more donkeys.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
For a discussion of its verbal stem class, see under Phonological Interpretation.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.1.6.1Uncertain Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
ar-(ti)
‘to move, come’1.2.1Transmission
This verb is attested in the festival text celebrating the pantheon of Ištanuwa.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
|
2sg. impv. act. |
a!-ar |
KBo 4.11 rev. 41 |
(CTH 772, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
The word was previously read as ḫu-wa-al-pa-na-ti-a-ar (Starke 1985b:340). However, there is a space between ḫu-wa-al-pa-na-ti and a-ar, which can be clearly seen on the photograph in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv) and which speaks for the reading of a-ar as an additional word. This can be further supported contextually, see under Meaning. The first sign of a-ar is marked here as a!, because it seems to be written on top of a wedge as in〈u〉.
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning ‘to move, come, arrive’
Goedegebuure 2010a:311 provides a convincing syntactic and semantic analysis of the sentence in which a-ar is found. She translates the sequence zanta … ār as ‘come down!’, comparing the phrase with Hitt. katta ār-/ar-(ḫi) ‘to arrive, to come (down)’. Her analysis is accepted by Sasseville 2021a:262 and Yakubovich pers. comm.
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
Since the verb lacks a theme vowel -a-, it must be a root verb of the mi-conjugation, i.e. ar-(ti) (see Sasseville 2021a:259, 262).
[D.S.]
1.3 Hittite
ār-/ar-(ḫi)
‘to come, arrive’1.3.1Transmission
HW 2nd ed. A:208-219
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to come, arrive’
The comparison between CLuw. ār-(ti) ‘to move, come’ and Hitt. ār-/ar-(ḫi) ‘to come to, arrive’ (HW 2nd ed. A:208-219), whose Indo-European etymology is well established, does not allow for the reconstruction of a single formation, but rather speaks for two parallel radical formations, i.e. *h1ér-/h1r-´ > CLuw. /ar-(ti)/One should note that Čop’s Law is not expected to occur in Luwian root verbs, since there are more closed syllables in the strong stem of the paradigm, which exert the analogical pressure. and *h1ór-/h1r-´ > Hitt. ār-/ar-(ḫi) (usually reconstructed as *h1e-h1ór-/h1r-´ as in LIV²:238, cf. Jasanoff 2003a:15 n. 32, but for the framework, see Sasseville 2021a:542-547). For the Hittite e-grade ablaut of the 3pl. pret. erer, cf. Eichner 1973a:54, Oettinger 1979a:404, Jasanoff 2003a:80, EDHIL:196f.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
Based mainly on the athematic root aorists in Ved. and perhaps Avestan (cf. Gotō 2020a:88–90, 97), Greek, and Armenian, it is advisable to reconstruct a root aorist for Core IE, which corresponds to the mi-verb PAnat. *h1ér-/*h1r-´ ‘to come, arrive’ and, thus, leads to PIE *h1ér‑/*h1r-´ ‘to reach, attain’ (cf. LIV²:238).
3.1.1Root etymology
The root underlying PAnat. *h1ér-/*h1r-´ ‘to come, arrive’ has been separated from PIE *h3er- ‘to begin to move, rise’ by Rix 1970a:92f., 98–100, esp. 100. The root meaning “wohin gelangen, geraten”, as reconstructed by LIV²:238, fits the Anatolian meanings and is adopted here without further discussion.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
The formation PAnat. *h1ér-/*h1r-´ ‘to come, arrive’ can be directly equated with the root aorist that is reconstructable on the basis of Indo-Iranian, Greek, and Armenian. Therefore, the formation PIE *h1ér-/*h1r-´ ‘to reach, attain’ is reconstructed confidently (as per LIV²:238).
3.2.1Root etymology
The root underlying PAnat. *h1ér-/*h1r-´ ‘to come, arrive’ is clearly reconstructable as PIE *h1er- ‘to reach, attain’ (LIV²:238).
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
PIE root aor. *h1ér-/*h1r-´, cf. Ved. aor. 3sg. ā́rat ‘reached’ (RV+), (?)OAv. aor. 1sg. ārǝm ‘I reached’ (hapax, Y.43.10), (?)Gk. aor. 3sg. ἔρετο ‘(Gk.) ὡρμήθη, started to move’ (Hsch. ε 5742 Latte) (GEW I:550f., GEW II:423, LSJ:686), (?)Alb. për-jer, prier ‘to turn around’ (AED:344f., Schumacher & Matzinger 2013a:991f.)
LIV²:238, LIV²+ s.v. *h1er-, Gotō 2020a
(?)PIE *h1er‑, *h1er‑i- ‘lamb, goat, ram’,For bridging the semantic gap from ‘to reach’ to ‘(kind of bovid)’, cf. Ved. ṛtí- f. ‘attack’ and OCS ratĭ ‘battle, fight’, both of which may interpreted as abstract nouns from PIE *h1er- ‘to reach, attain’ (or PIE *h3er- ‘to begin to move, rise’, cf. EWAia I:256f., KEWA I:123, mentioning also OCS ratĭ ‘battle, fight’ < *or‑ti‑ that may be connected with OHG ernust ‘strife, seriousness’, etc., cf. ESJS:754, EWAhd II:1144f., EDPG:35.)cf. (?)OInd. āreya- ‘ram’ (Yaś) (EWAia III:23, KEWA I:555), Gk. ἔριφος m./f. ‘kid’ (Il.+) (GEW I:560, DELG:372, EDG:460, LSJ:689), (?)Arm. oroǰ ‘lamb’, erinǰ ‘heifer; bride’ (EDAIL:264f., Olsen 1999a:66f., 185, Kölligan 2019a:181f., 177–181), Lat. ariēs, ‑etis ‘ram’ (Enn.+) (WH I:67, EM:46, EDLIL:54, OLD²:186), Umbr. acc. sg. erietu ‘ram(?)’ (II a 6) (Untermann 2000a:229),Weiss 2010a (passim) does not translate the term.(?)OIr. (h)eirp f. ‘she-goat, doe, roe’ (EDPC:117, de Bernardo Stempel 1999a:77, eDIL s.v. erp, eirp, erb [2021-11-21]), (?)Lith. ė́ras m. ‘lamb’, OPr. eristian n. ‘(Germ.) Lam, lamb’ (E 681 [2021-11-22]) (EDBIL:154, ALEW 2.0 s.v. ė́ras [2021-11-22], Karulis 1992a:355f., PKEŽ² s.v. eristian [2021-11-22]), etc.
NIL:233–235, IEW:326, EIEC:511, cf. also EWAhd V:271f.
On (?)PIE *h1ór‑s‑o- ‘buttocks’, cf. Pal. ḫāriš- ‘lung’.
Ved. ²AR ‘to go to, reach, attain’ (RV+), OAv. root aor. 1sg. ārǝm ‘I reached’ (hapax, Y.43.10), OPers. ‑ạrsatiy ‘comes’
EWAia I:106, KEWA I:122, Gotō 2020a, Grassmann 1996a:98–101