*ar-ó-
‘companion’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 3344
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Carian
eri
‘companion, co-regent’1.1.1Transmission
A hapax, attested in C.Si 2, a bilingual decree of the satraps Idrieus and Ada (thus between 351/350 – 344/343).
[Zs.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. c. | eri | C.Si 2,2 |
The attestation follows Adiego 2007a:364, checked against the photographs of Robert 1950a:Pl.II, III. Its segmentation is assured due to the preceding name (k̑tmnoś) and to the following word-divider (Simon 2016-2017a:260).
[Zs.S.]
1.1.3Meaning ‘companion, co-regent’
Since the Greek part of the inscription cannot be used for this passage (see the detailed discussion in Simon 2016-2017a:259 n. 2 with refs.), the meaning can only be based on the context. Adiego 2000a:143f., Adiego 2007a:304 suggested that we are dealing either with a preverb (supported also by Neumann apud Adiego 2000a:144) or with a substantive meaning ‘tax exemption’. Nevertheless, Adiego 2007a:364 booked it with “function and meaning unknown”. Simon 2016-2017a:261‒263 argued that the structure and the syntax of the inscription exclude the above proposals and eri as a part of the heading of decree must refer to and define Ada, the co-satrap and sister of Idrieus. Thus, he attributed a meaning ‘companion, co-regent’ to eri and recalled Lycian A tid-eri ‘Milchbruder/schwester’ (based on *tide- ‘breast, teat’, see s.v.), Cilician *ari- ‘companion’ in personal names (see s.v.), and Hittite āra- ‘friend, companion’ as further support. Schürr 2022a:149 with n. 20 remained sceptical and left the word untranslated, because he took into account only the proposed Hittite cognate, which is, according to him, “zur Schwester und Ehefrau gar nicht passend”, although this is obviously not the case.
[Zs.S.]
1.2 Hittite
arā-
‘companion, friend’1.2.1Literature / Comments
HW 2nd ed. A:221-224
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
Equating Car. eri ‘companion, co-regent’ to Hitt. arā- c. ‘companion’, we obtain a Proto-Anatolian formation *ar-ó- (see Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304f. for the plene spelling indicative of the place of accentuation and of a derivational process different from the one underlying Hitt. āra ‘proper’; cf. HED A:121). The Carian noun has evidently undergone i-mutation and vowel harmony, i.e. *ari → eri. The evidence that is often used for the existence of this noun in Lycian is not absolutely secured; cf. Lyc. A tidere/i- and Lyc. B ar(i)-.
As argued by Rieken & Sasseville 2014a:304f., the noun *ar-ó- was used as the derivational base of the nominal formation found in Hittite arāwa- ‘free’ (perhaps also in Car. *orou) and Lyc. arawa- ‘freedom’ (likewise Eichner 2016a:65), reconstructed as *ar-ó-u̯o- and *ar-o-u̯eh2- respectively (Note however that *-u̯o- and *-u̯eh2- cannot be distinguished within Hittite, at least based on the current state of research); see also Martínez Rodríguez 2018a:281.
[D.S.]
For the lemma head see PAnat. *ár-eh2-.