/hastal(i)-/, HEROS-li-
‘hero’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 2647
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/hastal(i)-/, HEROS-li-
‘hero’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested 18 times in inscriptions from many regions, the Bronze Age Empire and the Neo-Hittite states in Cilicia, Karkamiš, Hama, Malatya, Tabal, Aleppo, the Amuq. Attestations date to the entire period of script use, i.e. Empire in the second millennium to early 7th century BC.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | /hastalis/ | HEROS-li-i-sa-’ | BOR, §1 (Tabal) |
| HEROS-li-sa | MEHARDE, §2 (Hama) | ||
| HEROS-sá | ŞIRZI, §1 (Malatya) | ||
| NİĞDE 2, l. 2 (Tabal) | |||
| (VIR2)HEROS | ALEPPO 6, §1 (Aleppo) | ||
| ALEPPO 7, §1 (Aleppo) | |||
| HEROS | KARKAMIŠ A4b, §1 (Karkamiš) | ||
| KARKAMIŠ A21, §1 (Karkamiš) | |||
| KARKAMIŠ N1, §1 (Karkamiš) | |||
| YALBURT frg. 1, §1 (Konya) | |||
| SÜDBURG, §4 (Boğazköy) | |||
| IZGIN 1, §1 (Malatya) | |||
| TOPADA, §1 (Tabal) | |||
| KIZILDAĞ 4, §1 (Tabal) | |||
| SÜDBURG, §2 (Boğazköy) | |||
| ARSUZ 2, §1 (Amuq) | |||
| ARSUZ 1, §1 (Amuq) | |||
| HE[ROS] | KARATEPE 3, §1 |
The transliteration adopted for the attestations in ALEPPO 6 and 7, §1 is tentative, because the sign *386 can be read either as the logographic determinative VIR2 or as the word divider, the former being the precursor of the latter in terms of script development. However, neither inscription features word dividers in the way seen in other, later texts, but instead employs sign *386 exclusively before titles or designation for professions, prompting scholars to adopt here the reading 〈(VIR2)HEROS〉 instead of 〈|HEROS〉, see the detailed remarks by Hawkins 2011b:51.
[AH.B.] [A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this word is based mainly on its possible Hittite cognate *ḫaštali- ‘hero’ (see HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:430f.) and its word family as well as the Luwian personal name ḫaštali- found in Old Assyrian contexts (Starke 1990a:122 incl. n. 368, Kloekhorst 2019b:85f. both with further literature).A first step in the right direction was taken by Bossert 1954-1956a:65, who tentatively proposed a reading */astalas/ vel sim. Oettinger 1995a:217 follows Starke and emphasises further the etymological link between /hastal(i)-/ ‘hero’ and /has(s)(a/i?)- ‘force’ (which in turn is probably cognate with CLuw. ḫaš- n. ‘bone’ and Hittite ḫaštāi- ‘bone’).
The spelling of the word relies heavily on the logogram HEROS (sign *21), which is used to represent either part or all of the phonological form of the word.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of this word was identified early on, albeit tentatively at first, because the semantic content of the logogram was already clear to Bossert 1934a:183f. (followed by Laroche 1960c:15f.) in the context of a seal. The word is typically used as a title, most frequently in the introductory clauses of the inscriptions as a self-designation by the author of the text, cf. Giusfredi 2010b:88-90. A typical example is e.g. ARSUZ 2, §1: EGO-mi IPURUS.FONS.MI HEROS wa/i-lá/í-si-ti-ni-za REGIO REX Ima-na-na REX FILIUS.NI-za, approx. /ammu=mi Suppiluliumas hastallis walastinizza- wattani- hantawattis Manana- hantawattis nimuwizza-/, translating as ‘I (am) the hero Suppiluliuma, King of the country Falistina, son of King Amanana’ (see Dinçol, Dinçol, Hawkins, Peker & Öztan 2015a:65), with all words written as stem forms only, even when in fully syllabic rendition.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word appears to be a substantivized adjective in /-al(i)-/; see under Derivative. Probably cognate to /has(s)(a/i?)-/ ‘force’, the present word is derived from an unattested noun */hast(a/i?)-/, a word that has served as the derivational basis for at least one further lexeme, viz. /hastana(/i?)-/ ‘support’, and is therefore posited with a high degree of certainty, even though its precise stem remains unclear for the time being, cf. Starke 1990a:124.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
The shape of the Hittite lexeme hiding behind UR.SAG-li- ‘hero’ (HW 2nd ed.:430f.) is found either in the abstract noun ḫaštaliyatar (/ḫaštiliyatar) or the denominative verb ḫaštalēšš-(mi) (HW 2nd ed.:432). That the single spelling occurs in Hieroglyphic Luwian as well can be posited based on the rhotacizing -l- of the derivative /hastali(ya)-/ (contra Starke 1990a:122 **ḫaštalli-). Whereas Rieken 1999a:48 takes the Hittite lexeme to be genuine Hittite, assuming a mute vowel */hastli-/, it seems preferable to start from a Luwian pre-form *HEst-ó-lo- with syncope of the final vowel and i-mutation, i.e. /hastal(i)-/. This reconstruction would clear the path for assuming a Luwian loanword into Hittite, as suggested by Starke 1990a:122. Thus, the variant ḫaštiliyatar beside more common ḫaštaliyatar could be a secondary influence based on the Hitt. “i-stem” ḫaštāi-/ḫašti- and the Hittite suffix -ili-; cf. HED H:237.
[D.S.]
For the lemma head see HLuw. */has(t)-/.