*k^u̯el-

There are many Anatolian cognates that lead us to the reconstruction of a Proto-Anatolian root *k^u̯el- with the meaning ‘to turn’. A root verb kwal- can be posited based on the Cuneiform Luwian medio-passive kwalaru (cf. Villanueva Svensson 2014a:83 and for the attestation see under CLuw. kwal(a)i-). The lack of gemination of the -l- prevents us from reconstructing a root-final laryngeal (cf. also Pal. kuwalima-). Another deradical stem formation that we find is Cuneiform Luwian kuwal(a)i-^(di) < *k^u̯ol-éi̯e-^(di) (Hajnal 1995a:144, Kimball 2015a:68f., cf. Starke 1990a:236f.). Otherwise, there are many nominal formations built on this root, e.g. *k^u̯élo- n. (see Lyd. qela-), *k^u̯oléh₂- (see Lycian A qla- and B qala-), and perhaps even *k^u̯ólo- (see Lyc. A qele(/i)-), and a neuter n-stem in CLuw. *kwalan- ‘army’ (= HLuw. /kwalan-/). In Hittite, on the other hand, the root is poorly attested; cf. Starke 1990a:236f., HED K:236-238.

For the co-occurence of the same root *k^u̯el- (without laryngeal) and *k^u̯elh₁- (with laryngeal) in Anatolian and a tentative explanation for the split, see CLuw. *gull-.

[D.S.]

PIE *k^u̯elh₁- means ‘to make a turn, turn (around/to sth.)’ (intr.), according to LIV²:386–388. Cf. also EIEC:606f. For the original meaning, cf. nominal formations such as PIE *k^u̯e-k^u̯l(h₁)-o- ‘wheel’ (< *‘the turning one’) > Ved. cakrá-, Gk. κύκλος, OE hwēol, etc. as well as PIE *k^u̯ólh₁-o- m. ‘turning point, axis, pivot’ vel sim. > Gk. πόλος ‘pivot, axis’, TochB kele m. ‘navel, center’. – The root *k^u̯elh₁- also seems to have had the special meaning ‘to turn up (earth with a plow)’ > ‘to plow’, which is suggested by formations like Gk. πολέε/o- ‘to turn up (the earth with a plow), plow’ (Hes. Op. 462), τρί-πολος ‘turned up three times, plowed three times’, Lat. colere ‘to cultivate’, YAv. kāraiia- ‘to furrow’ as well as Lyd. qela- n. ‘plot of land’ (< *‘that which is plowed’, cf. Oettinger 1995a:216, Oettinger 2004b:131) and Hitt. kulēi ‘fallow fields’ (Oettinger 2004b:168).

The seṭ-character of PIE *k^u̯elh₁- is reflected by Vedic, Greek, and perhaps Tocharian. The quality of the laryngeal (h₁), as argued in LIV²:387 n. 1 with lit., might be suggested by Gk. τῆλε adv. ‘at a distance, far off’ if it really goes back to *k^u̯ḗlh₁ ‘at the turning point’ and represents an endingless, lengthened-grade loc. sg. (for the type, cf. Av. dąm ‘at home’ < PIE *dḗ/ṓm). In that case, *k^u̯ḗlh₁ would be the loc. sg. of an otherwise unattested root noun *k^u̯ó/élh₁- vel sim. – Among the already PIE nominal formations formed to *k^u̯elh₁- are, e.g., *k^u̯e-k^u̯l(h₁)-o- ‘wheel’ (Ved. cakrá-, Gk. κύκλος, OE hwēol, etc.), *k^u̯ólh₁-o- m. ‘turning point, axis, pivot’ vel sim. (Gk. πόλος ‘pivot, axis’, TochB kele ‘navel’, perhaps Lat. colus, -ī/-ūs m./f. ‘distaff’), and *h₂m̥b^hi-k^u̯olh₁-o- ‘moving around sb./sth.’ > ‘taking care of sb./sth.’ (Gk. ἀμφίπολος m./f. ‘male/female servant, priest, etc.’, Myc. a-pi-qo-ro- ‘id.’, Lat. anculus m. ‘man-servant’, Skt. abhicara- ‘servant’ [Lex.], OPers. *abicara- ‘servant’ [perhaps presupposed by the vr̥ddhi derivative ābicari- ‘homestead, farmstead’ < *‘place inhabited/tilled by servants/slaves’, as per Schmitt 2014a:124]). – Verbal stems inherited from the protolanguage are, e.g., the nasal-infix present *k^u̯l̥-né-h₁-/*k^u̯l̥-n-h₁-´ (Gk. τέλλε/ο- ‘to accomplish; to come into being, become’, MW pallu ‘to die, perish, be destroyed; to run out, fail’, TochA källāṣ pres. VI 3sg. act. ‘leads, brings’) alongside a thematic present stem *k^u̯élh₁-e/o- (Ved. cárati, OAv. caraitī ‘to move, walk, go, stay’, Gk. Hom. [Aeol.]+ πέλε/ο- ‘to move, be located, become, be’, Lat. colō ‘to cultivate, live in, inhabit; to take care of, honor’, Alb. sjell ‘to bring, carry; to turn; to delay’). Furthermore, a causative-iterative stem PIE *k^u̯olh₁-éi̯e/o- can be reconstructed on the basis of CLuw. kuwalīti ‘to turn’ (tr.), Gk. πολέε/ο- ‘to turn up (the earth with the plow), plow’, Ved. cāráya- ‘to set in motion’, YAv. kāraiia- ‘to furrow’ (cf. LIV²:386–388).

[T.S.]

Ved. cárati pres. ‘to move, walk, go’ (RV+), perf. cacā́ra (AV+), caus. cāráyati ‘to set in motion’ (Kāṭh+), cakrá- n./m. ‘wheel’ (RV+). – OAv. caraitī, YAv. caraiti pres. ‘to move, walk, stay’, YAv. kāraiieiti ‘to furrow (a furrow)’, YAv. caxra- ‘wheel’Cf., e.g., EWAia I:521f. s.v. cakrá-, 534f. s.v. CAR^I, LIV²:386–388 s.v. *k^u̯elh₁-.

Gk. ἔπλετο aor. ‘became, occurred, was’ (Il. 22.116), ἔπλεν aor. ‘was’ (Il. 12.11), περι-τέλλομαι pres. ‘to move in a circle, circuit’ (Il.+), τέλλω/-ομαι pres. ‘to accomplish; to come into being, become’ (Pi.+), Hom. (Aeol.)+ πέλω/-ομαι ‘to move, be located, become, be’, πολέω pres. ‘to turn up (the earth with the plow), plow’ (Hes. Op. 462), ‘to go about, range over, haunt’ (Att.), πωλέομαι pres. ‘to go up and down, go to and fro, go/come frequently’ (Hom.+); τρί-πολος adj. ‘turned up three times, plowed three times’ (Il. 18.542, Od. 5.127, Hes. Th. 971), ἀμφίπολος m./f. ‘male/female servant, priest, etc.’ (Hom.+), Myc. a-pi-qo-ro- ‘id.’, κύκλος m. ‘ring, circle, wheel’ (Il.+), πόλος ‘pivot, (world) axis, pole, etc.’ (Ion.-Att.)Cf., e.g., GEW I:99 s.v. ἀμφίπολος, GEW II:44f. s.v. κύκλος, 500f. s.v. πέλομαι, LIV²:386–388 s.v. *k^u̯elh₁-, EDG:95 s.v. ἀμφίπολος, 798f. s.v. κύκλος, 1168f. s.v. πέλομαι.

Arm. ełe-/le- aor. midd. ‘to become, be’, lini- pres. ‘id.’Cf., e.g., Klingenschmitt 1982a:163f., LIV²:386f., 388 n. 24.

Lat. colere, -ō pres. ‘to cultivate, live in, inhabit; to take care of, honor’ (Naev.+), anculus m. ‘man-servant’ (Paul. ex F.), colus, -ī/-ūs m./f. ‘distaff’ (Plaut.+); Umbr. ařpeltu ‘circumito’^?Cf., e.g., WH I:45 s.v. anculus, 245–247 s.v. 2. colō, 250 s.v. colus, Untermann 2000a:52f., LIV²:386–388 with notes, EDLIL:41 s.v. anculus, 125 s.v. colō, 127 s.v. colus.

OIr. imm-cella pres. ‘to surround’, MW pallu pres. ‘to die, perish, be destroyed; to run out, fail’Cf., e.g., LIV²:386f. with nn. 9–10, Schumacher 2004a:427–429, EDPC:174 s.v. *k^wal-na-.

ON hjól n. ‘wheel’, OE hweohhol, hwēol, hweowol, hweogol n. ‘id.’, ModE wheel, etc.Cf., e.g., Ringe 2006a:108, 270, EDPG:264f.

Alb. OGheg cleh /kl´e/, OTosk clè /kl´e/ aor. ‘became’, për-kul pres. ‘to bow, bend’, sjell pres. ‘to bring, carry; to turn; to delay’Cf., e.g., Klingenschmitt 1982a:281f. with n. 4, Demiraj 1997a:317, 338f., LIV²:386–388 with notes.

TochAB käl^ā- ‘to lead, bring’ (tr.), cf. TochB śala, TochA śäl pret. I 3sg. act. ‘led, brought’, TochA källāṣ pres. VI 3sg. act. ‘leads, brings’, TochB källāṣṣäṃ pres. Xa 3sg. act. ‘leads, brings’; TochB kele m. ‘navel, center’Cf., e.g., LIV²:386–388 with notes, Malzahn 2010a:584–586, DTB²:179f., 211.