/=ppa?/, -pa
‘(strong sequencer?), then (?)’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Class
- Base
- Grammar
- part, connective particle
- ID
- 4034
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/=ppa?/, -pa
‘(strong sequencer?), then (?)’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme, whose existence is not assured, may be attested about 47 times in inscriptions from Tell Ahmar, Commagene, the Amuq, Aleppo, Karkamiš, Malatya, Tabal, Hama and Maraş, dating from the c. 1200 to the 8th century BCE.
[A.P.] [AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
The above table gives a representative selection of the examples tentatively identified so far. The word is typically part of a clitic chain and occurs in the same slot as the connectives /=ha/ ‘and, also’ and /=ba/ ‘but’, cf. the discussions below.
[A.P.] [AH.B.]
1.1.2.13.1 Phonological Interpretation
It is not certain that the present lexeme exists in HLuw. If it does, the phonological form of this connective seems relatively secure insofar that it has a cognate in Lycian =pe, and possibly one in CLuw. pā=, although the latter is orthotone.
Spelling and position of HLuw. /=ppa/ in the clitic chain render it difficult to distinguish it from the more frequent connective /=ba/, cf. the discussion of the meaning below.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Meaning
Provided it exists at all, the nature of this word as a connective particle is not in doubt, yet its precise meaning is rather more difficult to grasp. First, it should be noted that it is not always possible to distinguish reliably between the present lexeme and the connective /=ba/, traditionally translated as ‘but’ and marking discontinuity. In the HLuw. corpus, there are a number of contexts in which /=ba/ would be an ill fit, since there is no change in the informational flow, but quite the opposite. An illustrative passage is KARKAMIŠ A1b, §§2-3: *a-wa/i-ti *a-mi-i-sa VIR-ti-i-sa kwa/i-i-ta kwa/i-i-ta á-lá/í-ma-za i-zi-i-sa-ta-i *a-mu-pa-wa/i-ta BONUS-sa5+ra/i-ti CUM-ní i-zi-i-sa-ta-i, approx. /a=wa=di ammis zidis kwitta kwitta alaman=za izzistai ammu=ppa?=wa=tta wassaradi anni izzistai/, translating as ‘Wheresoever my husband (lit.: man) honours his (own) name, me/mine?(=ppa?) he (shall) treat with goodness’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:92 following Morpurgo Davies 1979a). In this context, the function of the particle spelt 〈-pa〉 seems to be that of a (strong?) sequencer, i.e. the same as for CLuw. pa= (Sadykova pers. comm.The particle pa⸗ in contrast with other sentence particles in Luwian cuneiform texts. MA Thesis: Marburg University 2019.), because it introduces an event the author apparently wishes to see entailed in the preceding one. Similar contexts can be found in the curse formulae, e.g. TELL AHMAR 2, where /=ppa?/ is used for apodosis clauses, indicating that the person invoking the curse hopes to see any evildoing immediately followed by the envisaged (usually divine) punishment.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Stem
The analysis of this particle follows the proposal for CLuw. pā= by Yakubovich & Sadykova pers. comm.The particle pa⸗ in contrast with other sentence particles in Luwian cuneiform texts. MA Thesis: Marburg University 2019. and the latter scholar’s tentative extension of the findings to the HLuw. data. The existence of the particle cannot be deemed secure for now, and future findings may either prove or disprove it.
Provided it does exist, the particle is monomorphemic and indeclinable. In HLuw., it assumes the same slot in the clitic chain as the particles /=ha/ ‘and, also’ and /=ba/ ‘but’, and its identification therefore relies solely on the semantic-pragmatic analysis of the contexts as discussed in Meaning above.
[AH.B.]