*ba

The sentence initial particle pā is found in all traditions and text types (from MS onwards).

[E.R.]

indecl.	pa	KBo 7.68 ii 5’, ii 14’, ii 15’, ii 17’	(CTH 764, NS)
		KBo 8.17, 7’	(CTH 208, NS)
		KBo 29.25 ii? 5’, ii? 11’, ii? 14’	(CTH 764, MS)
		KUB 35.103 iii 5, iii 6	(CTH 766, MS)
	⸢pa⸣	KUB 25.39 iii 29”, iv 14	(CTH 773, NS)
		KUB 35.103 iii 1	(CTH 766, MS)
		KUB 35.107 ii 1’, ii 2’, ii 3’, ii 4’, ii 5’, ii 15’	(CTH 764, MS)
	pa[	KUB 32.9 rev. 9’	(CTH 761, MS)
	p[a-	KUB 35.88 ii 1	(CTH 766, NS)
	pa-a	HT 1 ii 8’	(CTH 394, NS)
		KBo 8.17, 4’, 5’	(CTH 208, NS)
		KBo 9.141 iv 6’	(CTH 761, MS)
		KBo 29.6 rev. 7’	(CTH 762, MS)
		KBo 29.38 obv. 4’, 5’	(CTH 769, MS?)
		KUB 9.31 ii 32	(CTH 757, NS)
		KUB 35.15 ii 5’	(CTH 761, MS)
		KUB 35.54 ii 15’	(CTH 758, MS)
		KUB 35.108 iv 24’	(CTH 765, MS)
		KUB 35.133 iv 8’	(CTH 665, LNS)
		KUB 9.31 ii 25	(CTH 757, NS)
		KUB 25.39 iv 9	(CTH 773, NS)
		KUB 35.54 ii 42’	(CTH 758, NS)
		KUB 35.76 r. col. 4’	(CTH 763, LNS)
	⸢pa⸣-a	KUB 25.39 iv 16	(CTH 773, NS)
		KBo 12.100 obv. 11, obv. 13	(CTH 764, LNS)

The particle pā does not have any allomorphs.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.*

[E.R.]

Building on Sadykova pers. comm.The particle pa⸗ in contrast with other sentence particles in Luwian cuneiform texts. MA Thesis: Marburg University, 2019, Yakubovich 2022b:214f. (followed in DCL:s.v.) describes the function of pā as that of a “strong sequencer”, to be translated as ‘then’, as opposed to the weak contrastive conjunction =pa. He points out that, very frequently, pragmatic enrichment gives rise to a consecutive cause-and-effect meaning, resulting in a preference for contexts in which the mode switches to the imperative and introduces the resulting fulfillment of a wish or demand, e.g. KUB 35.54 ii 42-45 “Here (are) h[eav]en (and) earth. Hence (pā=), as [heav]en does not become earth and [e]arth does no[t b]ecome [h]eaven, may these offerings likewise not become [ ... ]!” (modified by Yakubovich & Mouton 2023a: 7, who translate ‘so’); see also KBo 9.141 iv 17’f., KUB 35.133(+)KBo 45.199 iii 12-17).

[E.R.]

*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.

The inscriptions where this particle is attested all come from Sardis. The inscriptions LW 14 and LW 80, where it occurs more than once, are poetic, the other texts are in prose. The inscription LW 3 is datable to the rule of Alexander the Great, or perhaps his son Alexander IV, the text LW 80 was written at some point in the 4^th century BCE, other texts are datable only more approximately to the 6^th, 5^th or 4^th century BCE.     

[I.Y.]

indecl.	fa	LW 3.3 (Sardis) LW 14.6 (Sardis) LW 14.16 (Sardis) LW 23.7 (Sardis) LW 80.1 (Sardis) LW 80.7
	f(a)	LW 10.7 (Sardis)

The clitic boundary f=as, as opposed to *fa=s, is assumed in LW 10.7 in accordance with the general principle that the first vowel is deleted in sandhi in a Lydian clitic chain; cf. further under the clause-initial particle nak. The fragments fa[ in LW 60.2 and LW 60.3 may reflect either fa= or fa[k], less likely the verbal prefix fa-.

[I.Y]

The two obvious options regarding the synchronic cognates of fa within Lydian imply its connection with the clause-initial particle fak or the verbal prefix fa. Gusmani 1964a:119 pronounced himself for the first option. Nevertheless, it is noted in the same book that the clause-initial particle fa is syntactically incompatible with the verbal prefix fa- within the same clause (Gusmani 1964a:112), which can be taken as an argument for the analysis of fa as a detached verbal prefix.

One thing Gusmani and the subsequent researches treating Lydian particles were not aware of, is the modal value of the particle fak. Such a function is clearly absent in the instance of the particle fa, cf. in particular LW 23.7-8 ak=m=aν prafršiš prafrlλ šawtarid fa=kud amu owν. The semantic mismatch between fa and fak implies that the synchronic connection between fa and fa- comes at a zero cost. Unfortunately, this also means that that the meaning of fa ultimately remains unknown for the time being, just as is the case of the verbal prefix fa-.

[I.Y]    

The internal reconstruction would suggest that a morpheme occurring as both a verbal prefix and clause-initial particle is likely to go back to a local adverb.

[I.Y]