FRATER.LA-
‘brother’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 3856
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
FRATER.LA-
‘brother’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested 20 times in inscriptions from Aleppo, Tabal, Karkamiš, Tell Ahmar, the Amuq, and Maraş dating to late 10th to the late 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-i-sa | ALEPPO 2, §3 (Aleppo) |
| [F]RATER.˹LA-i˺-sa | EĞRIKÖY, §3 (Tabal) | ||
| FRATER.LA-sa | TELL AHMAR 2, §18 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| acc. sg. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-na | ALEPPO 2, §9 (Tell Ahmar) |
| FRATER.LA-i-na | JISR EL HADID 4, §2 (Amuq) | ||
| dat./loc. sg. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-i | KULULU lead strip 1, 44, §7 (Tabal) KULULU lead strip 1,38, §7 (Tabal) |
| FRATER.LA-˹ni˺ | KARKAMIŠ A5a, §3 (Karkamiš) | ||
| gen. sg. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-sa | TELL AHMAR 2, §18 (Tell Ahmar) |
| FRATER.LA-sa8 | KULULU 4, §15 (Tabal) | ||
| nom. pl. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-i-zi | JISR EL HADID frag. 1, §b (Amuq) |
| FRATER.LA-zi-i | KARKAMIŠ A7, §2 (Karkamiš) | ||
| FRATER(-)[...](-) | ALEPPO 2, §17 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| acc. pl. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-zi-i | KARKAMIŠ A6, §13 (Karkamiš) KARKAMIŠ A15b, §15 (Karkamiš) |
| dat./loc. pl. | /…/ | FRATER.LA-za | MARAŞ 6, l.1 (Maraş) TELL AHMAR 1, §16 (Tell Ahmar) KIRÇOĞLU, §4 (Amuq) |
| poss. adj. dat./loc. sg. |
/…/ | FRATER.LA-sa-na | KARKAMIŠ A4a, §2 (Karkamiš) |
| unclear | /…/ | FRA[TER?].LA[ | KARKAMIŠ A22c, l.4 (Karkamiš) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this noun has so far remained unknown, although e.g. Laroche 1960c:32 tentatively suggested */atila-/. A similar interpretation, */atala-/, was suggested by Hawkins 1980a:154 (also mentioned in Hawkins 2000a:132), followed by Oshiro 1990a:90 and Blažek 2003-2004a:3f., but it has since turned out to be void. The now defunct interpretation was based on a different word, viz. HLuw. /aralla-/ ‘companion’, and relied on a since corrected reading of a sign by Rieken & Yakubovich 2010a:211, 214. Notwithstanding, a reading as */ada(l)l(i)-/ is envisaged by Oreshko 2014a:626-630, but see the discussion of the stem below.
The word’s spelling seems to remove any possibility etymological link with its CLuw. equivalent *nān(i)- ‘brother’, since the reading aid 〈LA〉 added to the logogram FRATER (following Rieken & Yakubovich 2010a:211 incl. n. 14)Previous scholarship had read the sign 〈-la-〉 for representing part of the stem, although first Morpurgo Davies 1979a:601 remarked on the uniqueness of the putative stem, and later again Hawkins 2000a:237 pointed out the “puzzling alternation in the phon. complement between -la- and -lai-”, which serves as a very good basis for regarding the sign LA as a phonetic indicator. is used consistently and precludes an identification. Although one might entertain the possibility, as Yakubovich 2010a:387 has done, that the HLuw. word had the shape /lan(i)-/, representing a dissimilated form of CLuw. *nān(i)-. But without solid syllabically spelt evidence this is only slightly less speculative, not least because the corresponding word for ‘sister’ would not have undergone the same change, as it is /nanasr(i)-/.
The logogram FRATER (sign *45) receives different interpretations according to the context, viz. INFANS and FILIUS, see e.g. Meriggi 1951a:34 and cf. the discussion of the meaning below.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Despite the unclear phonological shape, the meaning of this word as denoting a sibling was already clear to Forrer 1932a:15 n. 2 (“Geschwister”) based on the contexts in several of the KARKAMIŠ inscriptions.The other semantic interpretations of sign *45 were discovered at a later stage. His suggestions have been followed by scholars since, though with hesitation, because the HLuw. word does not appear to resemble its semantic equivalents in CLuw. *nān(i)- ‘brother’ and Hittite negna- ‘brother’, cf. e.g. Hawkins 1979a:158f. incl. n. 42.
The word is well-attested in a variety of contexts, with several describing relief depictions that come with the inscription, such as KARKAMIŠ A7, §2: za-zi-pa-wa/i-tú POST+ra/i-i-zi FRATER.LA-zi-i, approx. /zanzi=ba=wa=du apparinzi …-ninzi/, meaning ‘(This is Kamani), these (are) his younger brothers, (I took him by the hand here)’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:129).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The attestations show that the stem of the verb ends in /-n(i)-/, which is proven by the dat./loc. singular in KARKAMIŠ A5a, §3,Therefore, if some support for the phonological shape suggested by Oreshko 2014a:626-630 should turn up, the stem could be */adal(l)an(i)-/ vel sim., but this remains entirely hypothetical so far. and it undergoes i-mutation. Beyond that, nothing can be said about the morphology of the word until further evidence surfaces.
[AH.B.]