/taskwar(i)-/, (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-
‘land’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 2772
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/taskwar(i)-/, (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-
‘land’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested 41 times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, the Amuq, Commagene, Tabal, Aleppo, Tell Ahmar, Cilicia and Maraş, dating from the late 10th to the early 7th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | /taskwaris/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-sa | TÜNP 1, §3 (Karkamiš) |
| TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i-sa | ARSUZ 1, §25 (Amuq) | ||
| TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i-sà | SAMSAT frag. 3, l.2 (Commagene) | ||
| TERRA-sá | KÖRKÜN, §9 (Karkamiš) | ||
| acc. sg. | /taskwarin/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-na | TÜNP 1, §1 (Karkamiš) |
| TERRA-kwa/i〈+ra/i〉-na | TOPADA, §36 (Tabal) | ||
| gen. | /taskwaras(sa)/ | TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i-sa | BOYBEYPINARI 2, §21 (Commagene) |
| “TERRA”-si | BABYLON 1, §5 (Aleppo) | ||
| “TERRA”-sa | CEKKE, §28 (Karkamiš) | ||
| TERRA | CEKKE, §26 (Karkamiš) | ||
| dat./loc. sg. | /taskwari/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i | MARAŞ 14, §6 (Maraş) |
| (TERRA)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i | KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §12 (Cilicia) | ||
| “TERRA”-kwa/i+ra/i | TOPADA, §19 (Tabal) | ||
| “TERRA”-sa-kwa/i+ra/i-i | BOHÇA, §13 (Tabal) | ||
| TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i | TULEIL 2, §a (Amuq) | ||
| “TERRA”-kwa/ix+ra/i | TOPADA, §13 (Tabal) | ||
| TERRA-i(a) | BURUNKAYA, §1 (Tabal) | ||
| TERRA | ADIYAMAN 1, §8 (Commagene) | ||
| abl./instr. | /taskwaradi/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-ti | ALEPPO 2, §16 (Tell Ahmar) |
| “TERRA”-kwa/i+ra/i-ti-i | JISR EL HADID frag. 3, §c (Amuq) | ||
| (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-ri+i | |||
| acc. pl. | /taskwarinzi/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-zi | ÇİNEKÖY, §9 (Cilicia) |
| “TERRA”-kwa/i+ra/i-zi | BOHÇA, §9 (Tabal) | ||
| TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i-zi | BOHÇA, §3 (Tabal) | ||
| erg. | /taskwarantis/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-ti-sa | BOYBEYPINARI 2, §21 (Commagene) |
| “TERRA”-kwa/i+ra/i-ti-sa | TELL AHMAR 6, §2 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| poss. adj. nom. pl. | /taskwarassinzi/ | (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-si-zi | SULTANHAN, §33b (Tabal) |
The above table offers a representative selection, omitting broken attestations.
TOPADA, §36 appears to be missing a 〈+ra/i〉; alternatively, the spelling could be interpreted as 〈TERRA.KWA/I-na〉.
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this noun was unclear for a considerable time,Cf. e.g. still Marazzi 1990b:217. Laroche 1960c:109-111 tentatively suggested a reading as †/tashuwar-/. because the sign REL (*329) was reliably read as 〈kwa/i〉 only later (see Hawkins 2000a:30). The word differs notably from its CLuw. equivalent /tiyamm(i)-/ ‘earth’.
The spelling of the word almost exclusively employs the sign 〈sà〉 for the first sibilant, which points to a palatalised quality /ʃ/ caused by the following velar, see Rieken 2010b:654f. A single /-r-/ is preferred to a geminate one, especially if compared to the place name Mallidaškuri- “field of honey” in Cuneiform transmission which may contain the same word as the second member of the compound, i.e. a cognate of Hitt. kuēra-/kura- c. ‘field’ (Starke 1990a:31 n. 26, HED K:266, Poetto 1999a).
The logogram TERRA (*201) is ubiquitous with the present lexeme, but also accompanies several others on a regular basis, e.g. /landra-(ti)/ ‘to extend’ and /walilid-/ ‘territory’. It is also a mainstay with the lexeme /alant-/ ‘place’ and its cognates, but it commonly transliterated as LOCUS in those cases, see Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1978a:106 and cf. Yakubovich 2017c:2.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
With the reliably used logogram TERRA, the meaning of this word became clear once the logogram was correctly identified in the context of the KARATEPE 1 bilingual inscription.For some previous erroneous interpretations see the references provided by Laroche 1960c:111. There, it equates to Phoenician ʾrṣ ‘land’, and Bossert 1949a:90, 102f. links it hence with the Hittite use of the Sumerogram KI and translates it as ‘land, earth’, comparing Hittite tēkan/takn- ‘earth’ and daganzipa- ‘earth, ground’. The meaning is borne out by the other attestations, especially since the word is often paired or contrasted with /tippas-/ ‘sky’.
The use of the what is often seen as an ergativeNote that this suffix is not mandatory for /taskwar(i)-/, because it is already a common gender noun, cf. e.g. the clause at ARSUZ 1, §25. However, its use may be caused by the pairing with the neuter noun /tippas-/ ‘sky’ in the relevant contexts, cf. Yakubovich 2015b:7.1. See also Goedegebuure 2018a:106-109 on how the suffix is rather more individuating than ergative in HLuw. inflectional derivation with the suffix /-nt(i)-/ becomes clear in the apodosis of the curse formula at BOYBEYPINARI 2, §21: (“CAELUM”)ti-pa-sa-ti-sa-pa-wa/i-tu-u (“TERRA”)ta-sà-kwa/i+ra/i-ti-sa-ha CAELUM-sa-ha TERRA-kwa/i+ra/i-sa-ha DEUS-ni-i-zi LIS-tà-ti CUM-ni x-tu, approx. /tippasantis=ba=wa=du taskwarantis=ha tippasas=ha taskwaras=ha massaninzi salahidadi anni …-ntu/, translating as ‘But Heaven and Earth and the gods of the heaven and the earth shall … for him with confrontation!’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:337).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Even though the spelling with the underspecified sign 〈+ra/i〉 leaves open the quality of the stem-final vowel in most cases, at least one attestation shows plene spelling for a dat./loc. sg. in /-i/ (at BOHÇA, §13), proving that the word cannot be an a-stem. Instead, it probably follows an i-mutated pattern like most other common gender nouns.
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head, see HLuw. /kwar-/.