*do-b^hér-/b^hr̥-´

This lexeme is attested once in an inscription from Tell Ahmar, dating to the late 10^th or early 9^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

The attribution of the verbs attested at TELL AHMAR 1, §9 and §19 to different lexemes follows Hawkins 2000a:242, who regards the additional TA sign at §9 as indicative of a different stem formation, particularly in conjunction with the different stem final shapes; cf. the HLuw. /tabariya-^(ti)/ ‘to command, decree’ and the discussions below.

[A.P.]

Despite just a single attestation, the meaning of this verb is quite clear based on its context of attestation and its cognate links within HLuw. The word appears in the historical portion of the TELL AHMAR 1 inscription, where §9 runs: a-wa/i (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-ti-i (DEUS.ORIENS.MI)ki-sà-ta-ma-ti-ha (LIGNUM)ta₆-LEPUS+ra/i-ta, approx. /a=wa ibamadi kistamadi=ha tabar(it)ta/, meaning ‘He ruled in the west and in the east’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:240).

[AH.B.]

The word is either a root verb or a verb in /-i-^(ti)/; cf. Sasseville 2021a:128f.Pace Sasseville 2021:271-273, who expresses doubts regarding the stem class for the HLuw. verb, because the stem-final syllabic sign 〈+ra/i〉 is vocalically underspecified, and going by the spelling alone, the stem could be /tabar(a)-/ or /tabari-/; Sasseville eventually opts for /tabar-/, but concedes that a stem /tabari-/ must have existed in Luwian due to several existing derivations. From an inner-HLuw. point of view, it would be more econominal to assume the spelling to represent /tabari-/, but this cannot be proven. In any case, additional data may result in a new analysis of the stem formation.

[AH.B.]

1. /tabariya-/
2. /tabarahid-/
3. /tabar(it)ta-/
4. /labarna-/
5. /tabariyalla/i-/
6. /tabariyalli(ya)-/
7. /tabariyalla-^(ti)/
8. /tabariya-^(ti)/

This lexeme is well attested in the Apology and in a prayer of Ḫattušili III (CTH 81, 383), in the annals and in a prayer of Ḫattušili’s father Muršili II (CTH 61, 70) as well as in various historical fragments, and fragments of prayers and of oracles (CTH 215, 386, 572). The lexeme is first attested in compositions of Muršili II. (Starke 1990a:259). Despite its dubious dating as MS^?, it also includes KBo 46.9 ii 14’, which J. Miller would attribute to KBo 48.8+ in CTH 70 “one of Muršili’s prayers”.

[D.S.]

2sg. pres. act.	ta-pár-ši	KUB 31.136 iii 3’	(CTH 386, LNS)
3sg. pres. act.	ta-pár-ti	KUB 6.3, 14	(CTH 572, NS)
	ta-pa-ar-ti	KUB 21.19 i 5	(CTH 383, LNS)
1sg. pret. act.	ta-pár-ḫa	KUB 1.1 i 27, 65	(CTH 81, NS)
		KUB 1.1 ii 61’, 74’	(CTH 81, NS)
		KUB 19.56 i 4’	(CTH 81, NS)
		KBo 3.6 i 23	(CTH 81, NS)
	da-pár-ḫa	KBo 3.6 ii 41	(CTH 81, NS)
	da-pár-ḫ[a]	KBo 3.6 ii 53	(CTH 81, NS)
3sg. pret. act.	ta-pa-ar-ta	KBo 3.4 iii 79	(CTH 61, NS)
		KUB 14.4 i 8’, 11’, 17’	(CTH 70, NS)
	[t]a-⸢pa-ar⸣-ta	KBo 46.9 ii 14’	(CTH 215, MS?)
	ta-pa-ar-ta	KBo 3.4 iii 76	(CTH 61, NS)
	⸢ta⸣-pár-ta	KUB 14.17 ii 35’	(CTH 61, LNS)
3sg. impv. act.	ta-pár-du	KUB 1.1 iv 78	(CTH 81, NS)
inf.	ta-pa-ru-na	KUB 19.29 iv 21’	(CTH 61, LNS)
part. nom./acc. pl. n.	ta-pa-ra-am-ma	KUB 9.34 iii 39’	(CTH 409, NS)
	ta-pa-ra-am-[ma]	KUB 9.4 + Bo 8057 iii 3’	(CTH 409, NS)

The interpretation of taparamma as a result noun in -man-/mn- n. is accepted by Hutter 1988a:83f., Starke 1990a:259f. and Melchert in DCL:s.v. Starke (ibid.) argues that the enclitic pronoun =an in the sentence must refer to taparamma, excluding a participle. However, the pronoun =an refers to the person that is searched for and, therefore, taparamma should be taken as an adverb, i.e. É-er=an taparamma aumen ‘In the house, we saw him (being) in a dominated manner’ (see Hutter 1988a:38f., 83f., but pace Hutter “ihn (und) die Regierung”, taparamma does not need to be taken as a substantive coordinated with =an). This type of sentences runs parallel to the ones found in the birth ritual KUB 44.4+, e.g. rev. 30, 31 “dir. obj. -amma/-anta aušdu”. Therefore, we support the old interpretation of taparamma as a participial form of tapar-^(ti) (thus Güterbock 1956a:124, contra Laroche 1956a:79 “-ama-”).

[D.S.]

Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv), except for Bo 8057 (+ KUB 9.4), which is not published yet (see Starke 1990a:259).*

[D.S.]

The transitive verb tapar-^(ti) has been generally translated as ‘to guide, rule’ on contextual grounds, as the direct objects can be people or lands (cf. Friedrich 1947b:8, Laroche 1959a:91, Otten 1981a:101, HEG T, D:116, CLL:207, Sasseville 2021a:271f.; outdated Götze 1925a:64 “Germ. die Gewalt ausüben”). For the meaning ‘to guide’ in KUB 21.19+ i 1-5, see Dunkel 1998a:98 and Sasseville 2021a:272 with n. 21. Whereas the literature sometimes mixes tapar-^(ti) and tapariyā(i)-^(mi) together, Sasseville 2021a:272f. has pointed out that the second verbal stem formation in -iy-ā(i)-^(mi) has yielded different contextual and syntactic usages as well as meanings; see under lemma.

[D.S.]

The verb tapar-^(ti) is a root verb (Sasseville 2021a:271f.). For the interpretation as a univerbated ta- + par-, see below under Reconstruction and cf. CLuw. apar-^(ti) and Pal. apar-^(ti). The awkward analysis as a back-formation of an -i-^(ti) to an athematic stem, as posited by Starke 1990a:259 and followed by Melchert in CLL:207 is no longer necessary; see Sasseville 2021a:272 and under Reconstruction below.

[D.S.]

1. tapariya-
2. tapariyā(i)-^(mi)
3. tapariyalla/i-
4. tapariyašša/i-
5. tabarna-
6. taparamaḫit-

The verb tapar-^(ti) was attributed early to the Luwian language not only because of the Glossenkeile, but also because of the use of the Luwian verbal ending -ḫa, which has been generally accepted (Friedrich 1947b:8, Güterbock 1956a:124, Laroche 1959a:91, Oettinger 1979a:384, HEG T, D:116, Melchert 2005a:455, Sasseville 2021a:271f.).

[D.S.]

*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.