/tabariya-/
‘command, authority’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 3813
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tabariya-/, LEPUS+ra/i-ia-
‘command’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested ten times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, Tell Ahmar, Maraş, Malatya, and Tabal, dating maximally from the 11th to the 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | /tabariyas/ | LEPUS+ra/i-ia-sa | BOROWSKI 2, l.1 (Tabal) |
| [LE]PUS2+ra/i-ia-sa | KARKAMIŠ A26a1+2, §2a (Karkamiš) | ||
| abl./instr. | /tabariyadi/ | (LIGNUM)ta-pa+ra/i-a-ti | KARKAMIŠ stone bowl, §1(Karkamiš) |
| ta-LEPUS2+ra/i-ia-ti | BOROWSKI 3, §5 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| LEPUS2+ra/i-ia-ti-i | SULTANHAN, §41 (Tabal) | ||
| LEPUS+ra/i-ia-ti | KÖRKÜN, §3 (Karkamiš) | ||
| LEPUS2+ra/i-ia-ti | MARAŞ 1, §5 (Maraş) | ||
| LEPUS+RA/I-ti | IZGIN 1, §9 (Malatya) | ||
| LEPUS+RA/I-ti | IZGIN 1, §16 (Malatya) | ||
| LEP[US2] | GELB side A, §1 (unknown) |
The attestation at BOROWSKI 3, §5 features a curious sign form for LEPUS, as the shape is midway between LEPUS and LEPUS2 with the rabbit having a body but no legs or feet.
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this noun can be deemed certain, because it is part of a larger word family In HLuw. and closely connected to CLuw. tapar-(ti) ‘to guide, rule’ and related words also in Hittite context.
The attestations use the logogram LEPUS (sign *115) in its two variations, viz. the depiction of the head and neck of a hare (LEPUS) and that of the full animal (LEPUS2), without any discernible difference in meaning. The one-time use of the logographic determinative LIGNUM shows that the word belongs to the semantic field around the concept of authority, cf. HLuw. /salhant-/ ‘greatness’ and Hawkins 2000a:242
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
An abstract noun, this lexeme is mostly attested in the phrase ‘by X’s command’ in the HLuw. corpus, with the possessor usually a deity (or several), although human possessors do occur as well (thus e.g. IZGIN 1 and SULTANHAN). A typical context is BOROWSKI 3, §5: a-˹wa/i˺ za-a-na URBS+MI-ni-na ha-ru-ha-na(URBS) (DEUS)TONITRUS-ti-i ta-LEPUS+ra/i-ia-ti AEDIFICARE-ha, approx. /a=wa zan …-nin haruh(h)an Tarhuntassadi tabariyadi tamaha/, meaning ‘I built this town by (the Storm-god) Tarhunt’s command’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:231). The nom. sg. attestation of the noun occurs in severely fragmented contexts and can therefore not be assessed semantically.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word is a common gender noun in /-iya-/ derived from a verb (Sasseville 2020c:280f., Sasseville 2021a:128f.), most probably /tabari-(ti)/ ‘to rule’, which may or may not be attested. The noun itself has given rise to an adjective turned into a noun, /tabariyalla/i-/ ‘commander’, and a further verb, /tabariya-(ti)/ ‘to decree’.
Previous accounts have analysed the word as a neuter gender noun based on its cognate link with CLuw. tabariya- ‘command’ attested in Hittite context as a neuter, see HEG T:118f., now outdated. The nom. sg. forms attest to the common gender of the noun.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Luwian in Hittite transmission
tapariya-
‘command, authority’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in letters (CTH 181, 203, 209), instructions (CTH 255), mythological texts (CTH 348, 363), prayers (CTH 383, 387), rituals (CTH 434), and oracle texts (CTH 570, 576), with all compositions or copies dating to the (Late) New Hittite period.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom. sg. (?) | ta-pár-ri-aš | HFAC 73, 9 | (CTH 570, NS) |
| HFAC 73, 10 | (CTH 570, NS) | ||
| acc. sg. | ta-pár-ri-ia-⸢an⸣ | KUB 40.1 rev.! 19 | (CTH 203, LNS) |
| [t]a-pár-ri-ia-an | KUB 40.1 rev.! 21 | (CTH 203, LNS) | |
| ⸢ta-pár-ri-ia-an⸣ | KBo 26.83, 19’ | (CTH 348, NS) | |
| ta-[pár-r]i-ia-an | KUB 40.1 rev. 27 | (CTH 203, LNS) | |
| [t]a-pa-ri-ia-an | KBo 18.88 rev. 17’ | (CTH 209, NS) | |
| dat./loc. sg. | ⸢ta⸣-pár-ri-ia | KUB 26.1 iii 34 | (CTH 255, NS) |
| ta-pa-ri-ia | KUB 21.19 i 7’, 15’ | (CTH 383, LNS) | |
| ta‑pa‑r[i?‑ia?] | KUB 14.3 i 20 | (CTH 181, NS) | |
| gen. sg. | ta-pár-ri-ia-aš | Bo 5827, 7’ | (CTH 387, NS) |
| KUB 58.108 i 2 | (CTH 434, NS) | ||
| abl./instr. (Hitt.) | ta-pár-ri-ia-az | KUB 21.19 ii 8 | (CTH 383, LNS) |
| ta-pa-ri-ia-za | KUB 24.7 iv 49’ | (CTH 363, NS) | |
| unclear | ta-pa-ri-ia-aš | KUB 50.93 iii 7’ | (CTH 203, LNS) |
| ta-pár-ia-aš | KUB 16.40 obv.! 15’ | (CTH 576, LNS) |
The last two unclear attestations are found in fragmentary contexts and are thus hard to classify due to the ambiguity of the form, e.g. nom. sg. or gen. sg., less likely dat./loc. or gen. pl.
[D.S.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv), except for the unpublished fragment Bo 5827.*
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
The action noun tapariya- was rapidly connected to the verbs tapar-(ti) ‘to guide, rule’ and tapariyā(i)-(mi) and translated as ‘command, authority’, which is suitable on contextual grounds (Sürenhagen 1981a:91, 93, Hagenbuchner 1989a:71, 144, HEG T,D:117-119, EDHIL:830, Sasseville 2020c:281f.).
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
Sasseville 2020c:281f. fully explains the derivational chain of tapariya- c. as an action noun in -a- c. derived from the unattested Luwian stem -i-(ti) (matching Hitt. -iye/a-(mi)), i.e. *tapari-(ti), a parallel (de)radical formation to tapar-(ti) (provisionally accepted by Giusfredi, Matessi & Pisaniello 2023a:388f.; pace Kronasser 1962c:169 “deverbal -i(ya)-”).
[D.S.]
1.2.6Derivatives
1.2.7Origin
For the Luwian origin of tapariya- just like of tapar-(ti), see under lemma head. The HLuw. counterpart and the morphological derivation in -iy-a- c. also speak for a genuine Luwian formation. Thus also Melchert 2005a:449: “Luwianism”.
[D.S.]
For the lemma head, see CLuw. tapar-(ti).
*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.
tapariyā