*do-b^hEr-neh₂-

This title is attested only 5 times in the HLuw. text corpus; it is far more frequent on seals, which are not part of the text corpus. Its occurrences are limited to Empire Luwian inscriptions from the 13^th century BCE.

[AH.B.]

nom. sg.	/labarnas/	IUSTITIA.LA	YALBURT frag. 1, §1 (2x) ANKARA 2, §2
dat./loc. sg.	/labarna/	IUSTITIA.LA	EMİRGAZİ 1B, §33a (2x)

That the sign combination *277 is to be understood as a title was suspected by Bossert 1934a:186, Bittel & Güterbock 1935a:76, and received further confirmation in Güterbock 1940a:55f. The title is limited to HLuw. texts from the Empire period, but the word /labarna-/ later appears as a proper noun in at least one inscription (CEKKE, §9), cf. the remarks in HEG L:35.

[AH.B.]

The noun never occurs overtly inflected anywhere in the HLuw. corpus, be it texts or seals. Therefore, nothing can be said about its stem and inflectional properties in HLuw. However, the phonological shape proposed on the basis of the Hittite and CLuw. evidence suggests that the noun is an a-stem and does not undergo i-mutation.

[AH.B.]

In Cuneiform Luwian texts, the title is so far attested only in festival texts.

[D.S.]

nom. sg.	[la-b]a-ar-na-aš	KUB 35.133 ii 13’	(CTH 665, LNS)
	la-ba-ar-na-aš	KUB 35.134 ii 8’	(CTH 665, NS)
dat. or voc. sg. (?)	˹la-ba-ar˺-na	KBo 32.126 obv. 6’	(CTH 772, MS)

Melchert (CLL:125) prefers an interpretation as dat. sg. for labarna, although the fragmentary context hinders any proper analysis.

The attestation [t]abarnaš in KBo 19.155, 6’ is Palaic (see under lemma), not Luwian, which is supported by the following clause ^URUḫattuša=ma ‘but in Ḫattuša’ with the Palaic conjunction =ma, not found in Luwian.

[D.S.]

In CTH 665, the title labarna- is held by the Sun-god (^DUTU-az), whereas in CTH 772 it probably refers to the king, although the broken context prevents any certainty. Laroche (DLL:63) considers the title labarna- in Luwian contexts to be a borrowing from Hittite (thus also Melchert in CLL:125).

[D.S.]

Apart from being an a-stem, its morphology is better analyzed historically under Reconstruction.

[D.S.]

The noun tabarna- or labarna is well attested across various genres of the Hittite corpus from the Old Hittite period until the end of the transmission. It is also attested as a personal name, e.g. ^mlabarna- (KUB 36.89 rev. 42’, 49’, NS) or ^mtabarna- (KBo 22.2 rev. 11’, OS); on the various occurrences of the personal name Tabarna-/Labarna-, see Soysal 2005a:207.

[D.S.]

nom. sg.	⸢ta-ba⸣-ar-na-aš	KBo 10.2 ii 54	(CTH 4, NS)
	ta-ba-ar-〈na〉-aš	KBo 17.22 iii 14’	(CTH 736, OS)
	ta-ba-ar-na-š(=)	KUB 44.60 ii 18’	(CTH 731, NS)
	la-ba-ar-⸢na⸣-[a]š	KBo 17.22 iii 5’	(CTH 736, OS)
	la-ba-ar-na-š(=)	KBo 17.22 iii 10’	(CTH 736, OS)
	la-ba-ar-na-aš	KBo 25.122 ii 7’	(CTH 731, OS)
	la-ba-ar-na-⸢aš⸣	KUB 57.63 ii 7	(CTH 385, NS)
	la-pa-ar-na-aš	KUB 11.23 vi 4	(CTH 618, LNS)
acc. sg.	[ta?-ba?]-ar-na-an	KBo 51.292, 3’	(CTH 832, NS)
	⸢la⸣-ba-ar-[n]a-an	KUB 57.63 ii 20	(CTH 385, NS)
	LÚla-ba-ar-na-an	IBoT 1.30 obv. 3	(CTH 821, NS)
	la-pár-na-an	KUB 36.89 rev. 50’	(CTH 671, NS)
gen. sg.	la-b[a]-⸢ar-na-aš⸣	KBo 25.122 ii 5’	(CTH 731, OS)
dat. sg.	ta-ba-ar-na-i	KUB 44.60 iii 15	(CTH 731, NS)
	[la-ba-a]r-na-i	Or. 90/1694+ iii 7’	(CTH 726, MS)
	la-pár-na-i(=)	KUB 36.89 rev. 61’	(CTH 671, NS)
dat./loc. sg. (Hitt.)	ta-pa-ar-ni	KUB 57.112, 5’	(CTH 386, NS)
	⸢ta⸣-ba-ar-ni	KBo 20.59, 5’	(CTH 370, MS)
	⸢la⸣-ba-ar-ni	KBo 57.223 i? 4’	(CTH 820, NS)
	⸢la⸣-pár-ni	KUB 31.136 iii 4’	(CTH 386, LNS)
acc. pl. (Hitt.)	[l]a-pár-nu-uš	KUB 24.5 obv. 6’	(CTH 419, LNS)
stem form	ta-ba-ar-na	KUB 26.43 rev. 16	(CTH 225, MS)
	⸢ta⸣-ba-ar-na	KUB 26.43 rev. 15	(CTH 225, MS)
	ta+ba-ar-na	Bo 90/729 obv. 1	(CTH 222, MS)
	[t]a-⸢ba⸣-ar-na	KUB 21.29 obv. 1	(CTH 89, NS)
	la-pár-na	KBo 16.58 ii 3	(CTH 297, NS)
unclear	ta<>-ba-ar-n[a-	KUB 60.28 i 11’	(CTH 670, NS)

Only a selection of attestations is listed in the table. More attestations can be found in CHD L-N:41-43.

The word ta-ba-ar-na-ša-aš-ši has been interpreted as a genitival adjective of the noun tabarna- (HEG T,D:118), which is incorrect, since tabarna- is not an s-stem and therefore *tabarnašši would be the correct form. Instead the sequence is interpreted here as tabarnaš=a=šši ‘but the tabarna ... him ....’ (thus CHD L-N:41, Soysal 2005a:191). The fragmentary context hinders any verification of the hypothesis, although this is the best interpretation based on the current understanding of the passage.

The ending -ai represents an old dative ending genuine only to Palaic and Luwian and belonging to the a-stems (i.e. *-eh₂-ei). Its presence in Hittite context should be considered a Luwianism and, contra Neu 1979b:188f. and Starke 1982b:362, its attestation solely in middle and new Hittite texts does not refute its analysis as an archaic ending; see under the Palaic lemma below.

[D.S.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv, although no photos are available for Or. 90/673.*

[D.S.]

The title tabarna-/labarna- is usually left untranslated.Cf.Sturtevant & Bechtel 1935a:172 “king”. The modern literature tends to agree on the view that the Old Hittite title tabarna-/labarna- was secondarily extracted from a personal name, i.e. from the Hittite king Labarna of the Old kingdom (CHD L-N:43 with an overview of the old literature, Soysal 2005a:204), although this cannot be fully ascertained (thus with doubts HEG L-M:35 with further literature, Yakubovich 2010d:229). For a survey of the title tabarna- and its distribution among the kings, see Soysal 2005a:208. See also Puhvel 1989afor a brief overview.

[D.S.]

The word tabarna- is an a-stem. The interpretation as a derivative in -na- c. from the verb tapar-^(ti) ‘to guide, rule’ is accepted here; see under Reconstruction.

[D.S.]

The noun tabarna-/labarna- is disputed concerning mainly two sources, either Hattian (Klinger 1996a:209, Soysal 2005a:190, 193) or Indo-European (Sturtevant & Bechtel 1935a:85, 194f., Eichner 1975a:81 n. 5, Oettinger 1986a:21, Melchert 2003e:19Also tentatively preferred by Goedegebuure 2008a:145 n. 21); much less likely Minoan (Yakubovich 2002b, Yakubovich 2010d:231 n. 30). For a more detailed overview of the old literature, see HEG L-M:38-41. The view that it is Indo-European in origin and a derivative of CLuw. tapar-^(ti) ‘to guide, rule’ (thus already Götze 1928a:138 n. 3) is defended here; see under Reconstruction.Kloekhorst (EDHIL:831) rejects the connection between tapar-^(ti) and tabarna-/labarna-, because the latter is originally a personal name and therefore its etymology cannot be determined. Valério 2015aalso casts doubts, but eventually leaves it open. However, even if the Indo-European approach with the connection to tapar-^(ti) is correct, it remains difficult to decide between a Luwian and a Palaic loanwordEichner 1975a:81 n. 5 leaves open as to whether it is borrowed from Luwian or another Anatolian language.; see below.

[D.S.]

*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.

This lexeme is found across the Palaic corpus.

[D.S.]

nom. sg.	ta-ba-ar-na-aš	KUB 35.165 obv. 5	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	ta-ba-ar-na-aš	KUB 35.165 obv. 10	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	ta-ba-ar-na-aš	KUB 35.165 obv. 26	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	ta-ba-ar-na-š(=)	KUB 32.17 + KUB 35.167, 21’	(CTH 751, MS?)
	ta-ba-ar-na-aš	KBo 19.152 i 15’	(CTH 751, MS)
	ta-ba-ar-na-aš	KBo 19.153 iii 10’	(CTH 751, NS)
	˹ta˺-ba-˹ar˺-na-aš	DBH 46/2.101 + KUB 35.159, 5’/9’	(CTH 753, NS)
	˹ta-ba˺-a[r-na-aš]	KBo 37.150, 1’	(CTH 753, NS)
	[ta-ba-]ar-na-aš	KUB 35.165 rev. 3’	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	[ta-ba-a]r-na-aš	KUB 35.166 + KBo 19.154, 16’	(CTH 751, MS?)
	[t]a-ba-ar-na-a[š]	KBo 19.155, 21’	(CTH 751, MS)
	[t]a-ba-˹ar-na-aš˺	KBo 53.301, 2’	(CTH 751, NS)
	[t]a-b[a-a]r-[na-aš]	KBo 19.153 iii 21’	(CTH 751, NS)
acc. sg.	[t]a-ba-ar-na-an	KUB 35.163 ii 14	(CTH 753, NS)
	t[a-ba-ar-na-an]	KBo 37.150, 10’	(CTH 753, NS)
	ta-ba-a[r-na-an]	KBo 37.150, 4’	(CTH 753, NS)
dat. sg.	ta-ba-ar-na-i	KBo 19.152 iv! 17’	(CTH 751, MS)
	ta-ba-ar-n[a-i]	KUB 35.166, 5’	(CTH 751, MS?)
	ta-ba-a[r-na-i]	KUB 35.166 + KBo 19.154, 14’	(CTH 751, MS?)
	ta-ba-ar-ni	KUB 35.165 obv. 21	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	ta-ba-ar{{na}}-ni	KUB 35.165 rev. 10’	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	[t]a-ba-ar-ni	KBo 19.153 iii 12’	(CTH 751, NS)
	[t]a-ba-ar-ni	KBo 64.179, 10’	(CTH 751, NS)
	ta-waa-ar-[n]i	DBH 46/2.101 + KUB 35.159 ii 9’/13’	(CTH 753, NS)
voc. sg.	[ta-b]a-ar-na	KUB 35.165 obv. 24	(CTH 751, OS or MS)
	[ta-ba-]ar-na	DBH 46/2.101, 13’	(CTH 753, NS)
unknown	ta-ba-ar-n[a(-)…]	KBo 13.265, 8’	(CTH 753, NS)
	ta-ba-a[r-na(-)…]	KUB 32.17 + KUB 35.167, 17’	(CTH 751, MS?)

For the spelling with -wa_a-, see Soysal 2017a:84.

[D.S.]

Checked against the photograph in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).

[D.S.]

The title tabarna- is known not only from the Palaic corpus, but also from the Hittite and Luwian corpus (Carruba 1970:73). The word is often left untranslated, i.e. the tabarna; cf. Kammenhuber 1955b:358 n. 1 “Herrscher”, Carruba ibid. and Carruba 1972a:28, Melchert 1984b:35, Yakubovich 2005c:121, Sasseville 2019a:25.

[D.S.]

The word is an a-stem, which shows the old dative singular in -ai, later replaced by -i.

[D.S.]

A Hattian origin as per Kammenhuber 1959a:87 is not cogent. The word is either genuine Palaic or borrowed from Luwian; see under Reconstruction for an Indo-European origin.

[D.S.]