*h2ruu̯éh2-
‘path’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 3033
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/harwa-/, VIA-wa/i-
‘road’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested six times in inscriptions from Cilicia, Commagene, Tabal, Tell Ahmar, Malatya and Karkamiš, dating maximally from the later 12th to the early 7th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| acc. sg. | /harwan/ | ha+ra/i-wa/i-x | BOYBEYPINARI 2, §22 (Commagene) |
| “VIA”-wa/i-na | KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §34 (Cilicia) | ||
| VIA-wa/i-na | İVRİZ frag. 3, l.2 (Tabal) | ||
| TELL AHMAR 6, §12 (Tell Ahmar) | |||
| VIA-na | KÖTÜKALE, §3 (Malatya) | ||
| abl./instr. | /harwadi/ | VIA-wa/i-[…] | KARKAMIŠ A12, §14 (Karkamiš) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this noun is reasonably secure. For one, it belongs to an inner-HLuw. word family with several members. For another, it is connected to cognates in CLuw. ḫaruwa- ‘path’ and related words (cf. CLL:61f.), which help mitigate the vagaries of the HLuw. writing system. Still, the attested spellings do not permit a decision regarding the quality of the stem-final vowel, because the sign 〈wa/i〉 is vocalically indifferent. Instead of /harw(i)-/, the word may have the shape /harwa-/ like its CLuw. cognate as assumed e.g. by Hawkins 2006a:23, Melchert 2014d:211, and Sasseville 2021a:139, but cf. the discussion of the stem below. For the possibility of reading the initial cluster as /hruwa-/ instead for both Hieroglyphic and Cuneiform Luwian, see under Reconstruction below.
The sign VIA (*221) is present throughout the word family, and it mostly covers part of the stem of the word, whereas a determinative use is less frequent.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of this word has been clear for a long time, since already Hrozný 1933b:209f. elucidated the related verb /harwanni-(ti)/ ‘to send, dispatch’ and the logogram VIA. In addition to that, the word appears in the bilingual inscription KARATEPE 1 Hu., §34, where it corresponds to Phoenician drk ‘road’: CAPUT-ti-sa-wa/i+ra/i kwa/i-i-ta-na hwa/i-sà-i-ia “VIA”-wa/i-na (“PES2”)i-u-na, approx. /…-ttis=wa=di kwittan kwissai harwin iuna/, translating as ‘Where a man feared to walk the road’ (cf. Bossert 1950-1951a:269, 275). The same meaning can be observed in a different context in an older inscription such as TELL AHMAR 6, §12: DEUS-na-za-pa-wa/i VIA-wa/i-na (LITUUS)tara/i-wa/i-i-ha, approx. /massananz=ba=wa harwin tarawihha/, meaning ‘I provided a road for the gods’ (cf. Hawkins 2006a:15, 23f.).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The attestations prove the word to be a common gender noun, but it cannot be said with certainty whether the spellings represent an a-stem like its CLuw. cognate ḫaruwa- ‘road’, or whether it has undergone i-mutation into /harw(i)-/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
ḫaruwa-
‘path’1.2.1Transmission
The occurrences of ḫarwa- and kaskal are widely strewn over all important text types transmitted in Cuneiform Luwian (from MS onwards).
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom. sg. | ḫa-ru-wa-aš | KBo 30.190 iii 8 (?) | (CTH 761, NS) |
| acc. sg. | kaskal-a[n] | KUB 35.43 iii 4’ | (CTH 761, NS) |
| kaskal-an | KUB 35.45 ii 24’ | (CTH 760, MNS) | |
| KUB 35.48 ii 18’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.73, 12’ | (CTH 763, NS) | ||
| KBo 4.11, 43 | (CTH 772, NS) | ||
| KBo 29.10, 7’ | (CTH 760, MS?) | ||
| KBo 29.49 obv. 6’ | (CTH 756, NS) | ||
| kaskal-[an] | KBo 29.14, 2’ | (CTH 763, NS) | |
| nom. pl. | kaskalḪI.A-an-z[i] | KUB 35.108 iv 17’ | (CTH 765, MS) |
| acc. pl. | kaskalḪI.A-wa-an-za | KUB 35.107 iii 14’ | (CTH 764, MS) |
Analysis at KBo 30.190 iii 8 as per CLL:61, but the context is not really conclusive.
[E.R.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.3.1Phonological Interpretation
There is no guarantee that all occurrences of kaskal should be read as ḫaruwa- c., but the phonetic complements invariably point to a non-mutated common gender noun. Further support comes from KUB 35.107 iii 14’ with not only a phonetic complement containing -wa-, but also followed by a noun beginning with ḫa-r[u-, very probably ḫa-r[u-wa-an-ni-in-za (Starke 1985b:238), thus *ḫaruwanza ḫaruwanninza analogous to ídḪI.A-inza (= /habinz/) ḫapinninza (ibid. iii 15’). This fact and Occam’s razor suggest that ḫaruwa- is the default reading of the logogram kaskal.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
The equation of the logogram kaskal with ḫaruwa- is implied in Starke’s (Starke 1985b:238) restoration kaskalḪI.A-wa-an-za ḫa-r[u-wa-an-ni-in-za and then followed in CLL:62 with the explicit translation of the restored form; see also the reference to Starke in Hawkins 2000a:373. Its recognition was probably based on the HLuw. cognates (see under the respective lemmata) and Hitt. ḫaruwa- c. ‘path’ (see HED H:203f., HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:381f. with references; contra Haas 1998a:91, there is no indication that ḫaruwa- in Hittite context is a borrowing from Luwian).
kaskal (ḫaruwa-) is used in both a concrete sense when modified with ārrai(ya)- ‘long’ and metaphorically when combined with maššanalla/i- ‘divine’ (e.g., KUB 35.45 ii 24’) and maššanašša/i- (KBo 29.14, 2’) ‘related to the gods’.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
The attested forms prove that the stem belongs synchronically to the class of non-mutated common gender a-stems (CLL:61, HHw:45, EDHIL:317, Sasseville 2021a:139).
[E.R.]
1.2.6Derivatives
1.3 Hittite
ḫaruwa-
‘path, road’1.3.1Literature / Comments
HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:381f.
Outdated EDHIL:317 with only one attestation instead of three. Moreover, there is no reason to see Hitt. ḫaruwa- as a Luwian word in Hittite Transmission (contra EDHIL ibid.).
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘path’
Melchert 2014d:211 treats Hittite and Luwian ḫaruwa- c. as a “τóμος-type” derived from a PIE form *h3óru̯-o- ‘thing dug/cut’ to the root of Gk. ὀρύσσω (cf. Lat. uia rupta). This is however made unlikely by the lack of plene spelling the first syllable. Willi 2014a:214f. reconstructs a root *h2reu̯(H)- ‘to tear up/apart’ (also of the soil), also adducing CLuw. ḫaruwa- (< *h2oru̯o- ‘a track where the ground is ploughed up’) with Schwebe-ablaut. This is semantically and phonologically attractive, although the root-final laryngeal is not necessary). However, it must be pointed out here that the lack of i-mutation in Cuneiform Luwian points towards a nominal stem in *-eh2- (very likely with zero-grade of the root rendering Schwebe-ablaut superfluous), i.e. *h2ruu̯éh2- c. ‘path’. Differently, Kloekhorst (EDHIL:317) adduces the root *h2er- ‘to join’ (see *(H)aréh2-) or *h3er- ‘to arise’ (see *h3ór-/h3r-´), which are semantically unlikely.
For the Indo-European material, see Willi 2014a.
[D.S.]