/mna-(di)/
‘to see, look upon’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2793
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/m(a)na-(di)/, LITUUS+na-
‘to see, look upon’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested 18 times in inscriptions from Maraş, Karkamiš, Tell Ahmar, Assur, Commagene and Malatya, dating from the 11th or 10th to the late 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| 2sg. pres. act. | /m(a)nattis/ | LITUUS+na-ti-sa | ASSUR letter f+g, §43 (Assur) |
| BOYBEYPINARI 2, §4a (Commagene) | |||
| LITUUS+na-ti-sà | ASSUR letter c, §9 (Assur) | ||
| 3sg. pres. act. | /m(a)nadi/ | LITUUS+na-ri+i | ASSUR letter f+g, §53 (Assur) |
| LITUUS+na-ri+i-’ | ASSUR letter f+g, §17 (Assur) | ||
| LITUUS+na-ti | CEKKE, §25 (Karkamiš) | ||
| CEKKE, §27 (Karkamiš) | |||
| KARKAMIŠ A15c, §2b (Karkamiš) | |||
| LITUUS+na-ti-i | KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §23 (Karkamiš) | ||
| TELL AHMAR frag. 5, l.2. (Tell Ahmar) | |||
| 1sg. pret. act. | /m(a)naha/ | LITUUS+na-ha | KÜRTÜL §4b (Maraş) |
| KARKAMIŠ A1a, §13 (Karkamiš) | |||
| KARKAMIŠ A11b+c, §16 (Karkamiš) | |||
| 3sg. pret. act. | /m(a)nada/ | LITUUS+na-tà | KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §6 (Karkamiš) |
| KARKAMIŠ A26f, §2 (Karkamiš) | |||
| LITUUS+na-a-tà | TELL AHMAR 1, §11 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| ger. | /m(a)namina/ | LITUUS+na-˹mi?-na˺ | IZGIN 1, §14 (Malatya) |
| part. nom. sg. c. | /m(a)nammis/ | LITUUS+na-mi-sa | KARKAMIŠ A17b, §5 (Karkamiš) |
In the attestations, the proximity between the logogram LITUUS (sign *378) and the following syllabic signs varies. Some are set clearly apart (e.g. BOYBEYPINARI 2, §4a), whereas some others are set so close as to be within the space of the other sign (e.g. ASSUR letter f+g, §43) or even touching; none of this is usually conveyed in the transliteration.
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Even though this word is always spelt with the logogram LITUUS, which obscures at least part of the stem, the phonological interpretation can be regarded as reasonably secure. The word is part of a larger family in HLuw. and cognate to CLuw. manā- ‘to see, look upon’ and related words, see Hawkins 1980d:138 with Starke 1980a:147. As noted by the scholars (and followed e.g. by Melchert 1988b:219f., Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:261, Sasseville 2021a:302f.), it cannot be stated with confidence if the HLuw. verbal stem is synchronically monosyllabic /mna-/ or disyllabic /mana-/, although the former is expected from the historical perspective. Poetto 1986b:125 adds the link to Hittite mēni- ‘face, cheek’ (cf. also Rieken 1999a:56f.).
Depending on the exact phonological shape of the present word, it may or may not be homophonous with the weight measure term HLuw. /mana-/ ‘mina’, cf. Payne 2018a:103 n. 9. Even so, the two words are distinguished by their accompanying logograms with the present word consistently featuring LITUUS, which is found with a number of words from the domains of love/connection, and vision.
[AH.B.] [A.P.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of this word was established by Hawkins 1980d:126-140 together with Starke 1980a:142-148 drawing the link to CLuw. manā-(di) ‘to see, look upon’. The meaning can be seen e.g. in KARKAMIŠ A11b+c, §16: *a-wa/i-mi-ta *a-mi-i-na (DOMINUS)na-i-ni-i-na (DEUS)kar-hu-ha-si-na (DEUS)ku+AVIS-pa-si-ha (CRUS.CRUS)ní-ia-sa-ha-na LITUUS+na-ha, approx. /a=wa=mi=tta ammin nannin Karhuhassin Kubabassin=ha niyashan m(a)naha/, translating as ‘I myself looked upon the procession of my master (the god) Karhuha and (the goddess) Kubaba’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:103). The meaning fits well within the group of words involving the logogram LITUUS in their spelling, e.g. /azza-(ti)/ ‘to love’, /wami(ya)-(di)/ ‘to find’, /taw(i)-/ ‘eye’ and several others.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word probably represents a root verb with lenited endings as becomes clear from the occasionally rhotacised 3sg. pres. act. and the choice of 〈tà〉 for the 3sg. pret. act., see Sasseville 2021a:302f. and Rieken 2008b:639.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
manā-(di)
‘to see, experience’1.2.1Transmission
The verb is attested frequently in rituals of the Kuwattalla and Tauriša traditions (from MS onwards).
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. act. | ma-na-a-t[i] | KUB 32.7, 10’ | (CTH 762, NS) |
| [ma-na]-⸢a⸣-ti | KUB 32.8+5 iv 27’ | (CTH 759, NS) | |
| ⸢ma⸣-na-a-ti | KBo 9.143 iii! 3’ | (CTH 763, MS) | |
| ⸢ma⸣-na-a-ti | KBo 29.52, 2’ | (CTH 766, MS) | |
| 1sg. pret. act. | ma-na-a-⸢ḫa⸣ | KUB 35.8 i 4 | (CTH 763, NS) |
| ⸢ma⸣-na-a-ḫa | KUB 35.96, 6’ | (CTH 764, MS?) | |
| ⸢ma⸣-na-a-⸢ḫa⸣ | KUB 35.96, 7’ | (CTH 770, MS?) | |
| 3sg. pret. act. | ma-a-na-ta | KUB 35.43 ii 7’ | (CTH 761, NS) |
| ma-na-a-ta | KUB 35.99, 4’ | (CTH 765, MS) | |
| ma-na-a-ta | KBo 7.68 ii 14’ | (CTH 764, NS) | |
| 3sg. impv. act. | ⸢ma-na-a-du⸣ | KUB 35.88 ii 12 | (CTH 766, NS) |
| ma-na-a-du | KUB 35.88 ii 13 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| ma-na-⸢a⸣-[du] | KUB 35.88 ii 15 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| [ma]-⸢na⸣-a-d[u] | KUB 35.88 ii 17 | (CTH 766, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.3.1Phonological Interpretation
For the interpretation of manā- as /mna-/ with mute -a- between m- and -n-, see Melchert 2007-2008a:186 n. 12 and Sasseville 2021a:302f.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
After several attempts to elucidate the semantics of manā-(di), now outdatedOtten 1953a:31 and Rosenkranz 1956a:286f. n. 3 ‘bannen, unschädlich machen’, DLL:67f. (implicitly) ‘dire’, followed in Čop 1961b:59-61, Oettinger 1979a:487, Starke successfully established the basic meaning ‘to see’, demonstrating that, in several Luwian passages from birth rituals, manā-(di) parallels Hitt. au(š)- ‘to see’. More specifically, the Hittite and Luwian corresponding verbs (also with the reflexive -za and -ti, respectively) mean ‘to experience (something evil)’ in these contexts (for a detailed account, see Starke 1980a:143-145). The new interpretation found broad acceptance, e.g. by Carruba 1986a:117f., Melchert 1988b:218-220, CLL:135, Rieken 1999a:57, Melchert 2007a:3, Oettinger 2013-2014a:169, Sasseville 2021a:302f.; hesitant HHw:99, HEG L-N:117; unclear HED M:139.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
Since Rosenkranz 1952a:78, Čop 1961b:59-61, and DLL:67f. it has been recognized that manā- ‘to see, experience’ constitutes the simplex base form of the reduplicated verb seen in mām(m)an(n)a- ‘to see, regard with favor’, although the analysis of the latter as a derivative in -anna-(i) had not yet been clear at the time (see under Lemma). As emphasized already by Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:257, manā- belongs to the class of verbs with lenited endings. Later, see Melchert 2007a:3, Melchert 2015c:161 n. 6 and Sasseville 2021a:302f., it is categorized as an enlarged root verb (*mn-eh2-, for the preform *mn-eh1- assumed earlier, see under Reconstruction).
[E.R.]
1.2.6Compounds
-
PN Mana-kuwanzu- (Starke 1990a:548 n. 2027)
1.2.7Derivatives
1.3 Luwian (Glossenkeilwörter)
manā-(di)
1.3.1Transmission
The lexeme is attested only once in a NS deposition.
[E.R.]
1.3.2Forms
| 3sg. pret. act. | ma-na-a-t[a] |
KUB 31.76 vi 21’ | (CTH 294, NS) |
1.3.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv. – The reading and restoration follow CHD L-N:161 (still different Werner 1967a:26, 28). They are confirmed by the remains of the head of the lower horizontal wedge still visible on the photograph.
[E.R.]
1.3.4Meaning
The context does not permit a semantic interpretation by itself, but the meaning ‘to see, experience’ drawn from the interpretation of the verb in Luwian transmission fits well into the context of witness reports: [mna-ni-i]a-an-za-aš-ša-wa-za ma-na-a-t[a] “also Naniyanza saw” (KUB 31.76 vi 21’; cf. CHD L-N:161); also listed in CLL:135, HEG L-N:117, Ünal 2007a:423, EDHIL:552f.
[E.R.]
1.3.5Stem
See under CLuw. manā-(di).
[E.R.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
Starke apud Hawkins 1980d:147 argues for an etymological connection with Dor. Gk. μνᾶμα ‘memorial’, thus reconstructing a root verb *mneh2- to which the CLuw. root verb manā-(di) /mna-(di)/ (< *mnéh2-ti) would belong (followed by Melchert 1988b:218-220, Melchert 2015c:161 n. 6 and Sasseville 2021a:303). The Greek connection also vindicates the identity of the laryngeal extension (see below) and thus the reconstruction *mneh1- (Melchert 1994a:236, Rieken 1999a:57) should be discarded. Finally, the Luwian verb is reconstructed as a root verb of the mi-conjugation with lenition of the ending due to the loss of the laryngeal before alveolar stops, i.e. PAnat. *mnéh2-/mn̥h2-´ > *mnā-(di) (LIV²:447).
For two different reduplicated formations built with the same, albeit non-extended root, i.e. *mí-mn- and *mé-mn-, see CLuw. mimma- and CLuw. mammanna-(i) respectively.
One should also consider the potential etymological connection with the Anatolian noun for ‘face’, see under CLuw. manna(ḫ)uwann(i)-.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
The Anatolian mi-verb *mnéh2-/*mn̥h2-´ suggests that the original meaning of the root PIE *mneh2- was ‘to see, look’, “woraus dann ‘innerlich sehen’ → ‘sich vorstellen’ → ‘gedenken’” (LIV²:447 n. 1); cf. also Steer 2015b:221f. The latter meaning is attested for the morphologically cognate root present Core IE *mnéh2‑/*mn̥h2‑´ ‘to think of’, attested in Sanskrit and Greek. The Anatolian languages would thus have preserved the older meaning, while the non-Anatolian languages exhibit the younger one.For a similar distribution, cf. also PAnat. *peku̯- ‘to pound, crack, crush, grind (grain)’ vs. Core IE ‘to make ripe/cooked’.
3.1.1Root etymology
If PIE *men- ‘to catch a thought’ (LIV²:435f., LIV²+ s.v. 1.*men- [2019-04-17]) is the “unextended” root underlying PIE *mneh2- ‘to see; to think of’ (cf. above), the same semantic situation had to be reconstructed: PIE *men- ‘to see’ (cf., e.g., Luw. /mammanna‑(i)/ ‘to see, behold’) vs. Core IE ‘to catch a thought’ (LIV²:435). This means that PIE *men- and *mneh2- existed side by side in PIE with the meaning ‘to see’ and, after the split-off of Anatolian, both roots developed the secondary meaning of mental perception, viz. *men- ‘to catch a thought’ and *mneh2- ‘to think of’, respectively. The semantic difference between the “unextended” and the “extended” root might be one of Aktionsart: punctual *men- ‘to catch sight(?) > a thought’ (root aorist attested) vs. durative *mneh2- ‘to look at > think of’ (root present attested).The proposal to connect these roots with PIE 2.*men- ‘to stay, wait’ (cf. Rieken 1999a:57 with ref.) and possibly 3.*men- ‘to protrude’ (s.v. PLuw. *ménnu- ‘fertile(?)’) requires even more far-reaching research, cf., e.g., LIV²:436 n. 10.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
Morphologically, the root *mneh2- is explained as an extension in ‑eh2- of the root *men- ‘to see (Anat.); to catch a thought (Core IE)’ (LIV²:435f., IEW:726–728); cf. LIV²:447 n. 1, EWAia II:385. For the formal relation of *men- : *mn-eh2-, cf., e.g., PIE *h1ei̯- ‘to go’ (Ved. éti) : *h1i̯‑eh2- ‘to move along’ (Ved. yā́ti) or *tek- ‘to stretch out the hand, receive, obtain’ : *tk‑eh2‑.Cf. Steer 2015b:221, who also discusses the possibility that the PIE local adjectives in *-mnó- (type *ni ‘down’ → adj. *ni-mnó- ‘going downwards, located below’ > Ved. nimná-, *pro ‘forwards, forth, in front’ → adj. *pro-mnó- ‘prominent’ > Gk. πρυμνός) were originally compounds, with the thematized root *men- or *mneh2- in the original meaning ‘see, look’ in the second member (thus, e.g., *ni-mn(h2)-ó- ‘looking downwards > located below’ vel sim.).
3.2.1Root etymology
Due to the homophony of 1., 2., 3.*men- (cf. LIV²:435–437), the decision which of these roots, if any at all, is underlying PIE *mneh2- ‘to see; to think of’, is mainly a question of semantics and Aktionsart: 1.*men- ‘to catch a thought’ is punctual, and 2.*men- ‘to stay, wait’ as well as 3.*men- ‘to protrude’ (s.v. PLuw. *ménnu- ‘fertile(?)’) are atelic. The phonological shapes of the roots discussed here are unambiguous.
[T.S.], [A.O.]
4. Transmission
late Ved. pres. ā-manati ‘mentions, hands down’ (Sū.), Ved. verbal adj. ā-mnāta- ‘mentioned, cited’ (Br.+),
Mayrhofer 2005a:68, EWAia II:385
Gk. μιμνήσκω ‘think of, commemorate, take care of, remember, remind’ (with secondary reduplication, cf. LIV²:447 n. 5 with lit.), μνάομαι ‘to be mindful of; to woo, court, win’,“Weiterbildung des Wurzelpräs. oder Neubildung nach dem Aor. ἐμνησάμην” as per LIV²:447 n. 4. It is, however, also conceivable that PGk. *mnā-i̯e/o- continues two different stems, a pres. stem *mn̥h2-i̯é/ó- ‘to be mindful of’ and a stem *gu̯n(e)h2-i̯é/ó- ‘to woo, court’ derived from PIE *gu̯én-h2/*gu̯n-éh2- ‘woman’, cf. lemma PIE *gu̯ón- ? ‘woman’.μνῆμα, Dor. Aeol. μνᾶμα n. ‘memorial, remembrance, record’ (Il.+)