/hantawattura-/, MAGNUS.REX
‘great king’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 1088
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/hantawattura-/, MAGNUS.REX
‘great king’1.1.1Transmission
With 40 attestations, this lexeme is well-represented in the HLuw. corpus, covering a range of different locations both in the heart of the earlier Hittite Empire around Hattusa/Boğazköy and the later Luwian core area further to the south in Tabal, Malatya, and Karkamiš, as well as to the west in Konya and Emirgazi. Typical of Empire Luwian, it can be found in a number of inscriptions from various locations in the second millennium BCE, but there are also several texts dating to later stages in the 8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | /hantawatturas/ | MAGNUS.REX | BURUNKAYA, §1 (Tabal) x2 |
| FRAKTİN, §2 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KARADAĞ 1, §1 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KARADAĞ 2 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KARAHÖYÜK (ELBİSTAN), §2 (Malatya) x2 | |||
| KARKAMIŠ A4b, §1 (Karkamiš) x2 | |||
| KARKAMIŠ N1, §1 (Karkamiš) x2 | |||
| KIZILDAĞ 1 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KIZILDAĞ 2 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KIZILDAĞ 3 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| KIZILDAĞ 4, §1 (Tabal) x2 | |||
| SÜDBURG, §4 (Boğazköy) | |||
| SÜDBURG, §7 (Boğazköy) | |||
| SÜDBURG, §11 (Boğazköy) | |||
| YALBURT frag. 1, §3b (Konya) | |||
| YALBURT frag. 1, §1 (Konya) x2 | |||
| gen. sg. | /hantawatturas(i)/ | MAGNUS.REX | TOPADA, §39 (Tabal) |
| dat. sg. | /hantawattura/ | MAGNUS.REX | EMİRGAZİ 1B, §33a (Emirgazi)x2 |
| SÜDBURG, §2 (Boğazköy) | |||
| nom. pl. | hantawatturanzi/ | MAGNUS+RA/I-REX-zi | AKSARAY, §6 (Tabal) |
| MAGNUS.REX-zi/a | YALBURT frag. 4, §3 (Konya) | ||
| dat. pl. | /hantawatturanz/ | MAGNUS.REX | SÜDBURG, §1 (Boğazköy) |
The corpus holds four further attestations for this lexeme, but they are partially damaged and therefore omitted in the list above; they can be found in TOPADA, §1, and the KARKAMIŠ fragments a/b.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Even just partially syllabically spelt evidence for this frequent lexeme is almost non-existent, thus mirroring what is also the case for its Hittite equivalent LUGAL.GAL ‘Great King’. The phonological interpretation hence hinges on two things: firstly, the syllabic evidence from other lexical contexts. It is well-known that MAGNUS represents /ura(/i?)-/ ‘great’, supported by the spelling found in AKSARAY, §6, 〈MAGNUS+RA/I〉, and REX stands for /hantawatt(i)-/ ‘king’ in HLuw., although the latter is based mainly on corroborating evidence from CLuw. cognates. Secondly, the order in which the signs should be read cannot be readily derived from their order of writing, see the discussion of the stem below. Various scholars have put forward different suggestions for the phonological shape of the title, e.g. Giusfredi 2010b:81 postulates reading it /ura(zza)- handawati-/, largely following a tentative rendition by Hawkins 1995a:27f.; both scholars base their suggestions on the order the signs are arranged in with MAGNUS always preceding REX. A more recent proposal by Yakubovich 2017a:39f. interprets MAGNUS.REX as /hantawattura-/; his view is followed here.
Regarding the form of the signs, it should be noted that, for the most part, MAGNUS.REX is written as a ligature with the sign MAGNUS (*363) perched atop the triangular sign REX (*17), and in this combination the resulting ligature is identified as sign *18. However, there is a small number of deviations from this ligature practice, e.g. in KARAHÖYÜK, §2, where MAGNUS is placed to the side of REX, and in AKSARAY, §6, where it is positioned well above REX and hosts the thorn-like sign 〈ra/i〉 (*383).
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of this title was first proposed by Meriggi 1929b:199 based on bilingual seals and then further elucidated by Laroche 1970c:94f. following Güterbock 1967b:81, who identified the Hittite wording of KBo 12.38 ii 22f. as the Hittite rendition of the royal genealogy of Šuppiluliuma II used in the severely damaged Nişantaş inscription in Boğazköy. Putting both texts side by side, Laroche found that HLuw. MAGNUS.REX occurs precisely where the Hittite version has LUGAL.GAL. Besides being used in many fully HLuw. inscriptions, this title is a mainstay on seals from the Hittite Empire in the 2nd millennium BCE, cf. e.g. more recently the collection in Herbordt, Bawanypeck & Hawkins 2011a.
As can be seen from the collection of forms above, the sign combination MAGNUS.REX frequently occurs twice within the same phrase, both preceding and following the personal name it belongs to, thereby imitating a practice commonly found on the seals, where layout and symmetry play important roles. If the title is mentioned only once, however, /hantawattura-/ ‘Great King’ usually follows the personal name it belongs to, which corresponds to the behaviour usually seen in titles (see Bauer 2014a:300f.)
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The analysis of the stem naturally depends on which phonological interpretation is followed, i.e. whether one assumes a phrasal juxtaposition or a compound, and then in which order. Since there are a number of titles ending in /ura(/i)-/ ‘great’ in HLuw., e.g. /ussinassura-/ ‘Chief Eunuch’ (see under lemma), it stands to reason to assume that the present title also conform to this pattern, see Yakubovich 2017a:41f. Still, the attested forms offer no evidence regarding the stem type, but again taking into account similar titles such as /ussinassura-/ and others, it is clear that they inflect as a-stems, and the same is hence assumed for the present lemma.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
For the lemam head see PAnat. *Hant-.