=de

This particle is well attested across the Lycian corpus.

[D.S.]

indecl.	de	TL 26.18 (Tlos)
		TL 29.8 (Tlos)
		TL 29.9 (Tlos)
		TL 29.11 (Tlos)
		TL 44a.21 (Xanthos)
		TL 44a.41 (Xanthos)
		TL 44b.47 (Xanthos)
		TL 44b.51 (Xanthos)
		TL 80.2 (Antiphellos)
		N 320.11 (Xanthos)
		N 320.20 (Xanthos)
		N 320.29 (Xanthos)
		N 324.15 (Xanthos)
		N 324.16 (Xanthos)
		N 324.22 (Xanthos)
		N 324.25 (Xanthos)
		N 325.9 (Xanthos)
		N 327.2 (Xanthos)
		N 337.6 (Limyra)
	d(e)	TL 57.9 (Antiphellos)
		N 324.6 (Xanthos)
	d[e]	TL 44b.49-50 (Xanthos)

Whenever =de is positioned after the enclitic pronoun =ede, the string is affected by syncope, i.e. sedde stands for s(e)=ed(e)=de (TL 44b.47, 51), thus following Melchert in DLL:8 (also supported by van den Hout 1995b:125); contra Meriggi 1963a:13f., Shevoroshkin 1971a:232-235.

Meriggi 1963a:13 suggests seeing another attestation in ]upezide (TL 58.3), which is very much unclear; cf. Christiansen 2020a:236 n. 288.

Pace Schürr 2004b:193f., the word xudiwazade is not analyzed here as xudiwaza=de, but instead as a verbal form in -a(i)-^(di); see Sasseville 2021a:104f.

Also, the particle =de should not be confused with nominal formations in -ad(i)-, in the dative plural, i.e. -ade; see e.g. tãmad(i)- (see also Lyc. B examples below).

[D.S.]

Laroche 1979c:66 claims that Lycian =de can be functionally equated to Hitt. =kan and that it expresses an accomplished action or a definite state. Carruba 1977a:295 (also Carruba 1979b:78 n. 6) claims that Lycian =de corresponds to CLuw. =tar and ultimately Hittite =šan (followed by Melchert in DLL:8 and Christiansen 2020a:237). Neumann 1984b:93-95 (and Neumann 2007a:42) argues that the particle =de marks iterativity, pointing to passages where the particle is used in connection with an action that is to be repeated (in the future). However, this does not apply to every passage.

First, it is worth noting that the particle =de regularly occurs with the following verbs, i.e. xuwa-^(ti) ‘to be close to, attend to’ (and with its Lyc. B reduplicated formation xixba-^(ti) ’to summon sb. to sw.’), with epi/ẽnẽ ha-^(di) ‘to release sb. (into) sth.’, with puh-^(ti) ‘to inscribe sth. (into) sth.’, with hri hla(i)-^(di) ‘to sacrifice sth. to sb.’ (likewise with Lyc. B ẽnẽ sla-^(ti) ‘to sacrifice sth. to sb.’) and with other ditransitive verbs of giving and offering.  

Second, it is restricted to the sentence initial clitic chain, i.e. Wackernagel’s position. Therefore, the general term “local particle” or Germ. “Ortsbezugspartikel” applies very well to Lyc. =de, and it requires no specific translation.

It has also secondarily become a preverb in the univerbation aladeha-^(di).

[D.S.]

For a putative connection with CLuw. =tar, see under Meaning.

[D.S.]

This particle is well attested in both Lycian metrical inscriptions.

[D.S.]

indecl.	indecl.	TL 44c.34 (Xanthos)
		TL 44c.51 (Xanthos)
		TL 44d.35 (Xanthos)
		TL 44d.65 (Xanthos)
		TL 55.2 (Antiphellos)
	d(e)	TL 44c.59 (Xanthos)
		TL 44d.2 (Xanthos)
		TL 44d.32 (Xanthos)
	du	TL 44d.58 (Xanthos)
	de{s}	TL 55.4 (Antiphellos)
	da	TL 55.4 (Antiphellos)

The form =du instead of =de is a case of vowel harmony, i.e. *me=de=tu → me=du=tu. Likewise, *sebe=de=xba → sebe=da=xba (differently Schürr 2005a:150 “place name Sebeda”).

The word muwilade is not considered here to contain the particle =de (pace Meriggi 1963a:15), since it would violate Wackernagel’s Law; see muwilad(i)- (see also Lyc. B [.]utlade in TL 44d.22).

The interpretation and emendation of epedes to epe=de{s} differs from Schürr 2005a:136, who regards it as a verb form.

[D.S.]

For Lycian B, less attention was paid concerning the function of =de due to the obscurity of the poetical language, therefore scholars generally referred to Lyc. A =de (cf. Shevoroshkin 1971a:233 “further, moreover”, Neumann 1984b:95 “iterative particle” and without any assigned function Schürr 2005a:136, Schürr 2016d:157, Schürr 2018b:66). For its function as a local particle, see under Lyc. A above. It usually remains untranslated.

[D.S.]