=tar
‘(local particle)’
- Language
- Cuneiform Luwian
- Grammar
- part
- ID
- 3697
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Cuneiform Luwian
=tar
‘(local particle)’1.1.1Transmission
This particle is well attested throughout the Luwian corpus.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| indecl. | tar | KBo 4.11 rev. 47’, 48’ | (CTH 772, NS) |
| KBo 13.260 ii 34 | (CTH 766, NS) | ||
| KBo 29.49 obv.? 6’ | (CTH 756, NS) | ||
| KUB 9.31 ii 24, 25 | (CTH 757, NS) | ||
| KUB 25.38 r.col. 8’ | (CTH 773, MS?) | ||
| KUB 25.39 iv 11 | (CTH 773, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.14 i 7’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.16 i 7’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.43 ii 36, 37 | (CTH 761, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.88 iii 13 | (CTH 766, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.102 iv 5 | (CTH 766, MS) | ||
| KUB 35.103 iii 5 | (CTH 766, MS) | ||
| KUB 35.109 iii 12 | (CTH 765, MS) | ||
| KUB 35.134 ii 7’ | (CTH 665, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.137 rev? 1’, 5’, 6’, 7’ | (CTH 773, NS) | ||
| KBo 29.31 iv 2’, 6’ | (CTH 756, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.16 i 9’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| KUB 35.59 ii 7’ | (CTH 760, NS) | ||
| ⸢tar⸣ | KBo 4.11 rev. 56’ | (CTH 772, NS) |
The attestation ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-pa-at-tar at KUB 35.101 obv. 7’ is not considered here to contain the particle =tar (see under lemma ḫaḫḫapattar/n-, contra Yakubovich 2022a:491 n. 9).
The attestations of KUB 35.94 iii? 1’, 2’ are not certain to contain the particle =tar, since the forms ]-ip-pa-tar and ]-li-in-tar can be analyzed instead as 3sg. and pl. med. verbal forms.
[D.S.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.*
[D.S.]
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Yakubovich 2022a:492 claims that CLuw. =tar has a lenited dental, i.e. [=dar], because on the lack of geminate spellings, but this is not a cogent argument, since the gemination of consonants in particles is not expressed reliably (cf. the situation in Hittite with e.g. =k(k)an and Pal. =k(k)u). However, it is always possible that lenition would have occurred between unaccented vowels within the clitic chain; cf. the double fate of the reflexive pronoun =ti in Lycian, but /=di/ in Luwian (see HLuw. /ti, tu, =du, =di/). If the connection with Lyc. =de turns out to be correct, this could be used as evidence for the lenition.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning
On account of the Hittite-Luwian bilingual passage where Dlu-u-la-ḫi-in-za-aš=tar KUB 9.31 ii 24 matches Hitt. [LÚ.]MEŠlu-u-la-ḫi-ia-a[š=ša-a]n (KUB 9.31 i 38), it was established that the Luwian particle =tar corresponds functionally to Hitt. =šan, and is thus called a local particle (Rosenkranz 1952a:90f., Otten 1953a:49 n. 132, 55, Laroche 1959a:92, CLL:210, Watkins 1995b:146, 150, Watkins 1997b:618, Melchert 2003b:210). Yakubovich 2010d:142f. goes a little further in his description of the particle and, in analogy to Hittite =šan, demonstrates that =tar is used as an indicator of close proximity between two arguments. He further points out that just like Hitt. =šan is frequently used with the preverbs šēr and šarā, CLuw. =tar is also used with šarri ‘up’; see also tappaši=tar tapāla (KBo 4.11 rev. 47-49) ‘Storm-clouds “on” the sky’. Brosch 2014b:119-126 refines the definition to “surface contact”. Giusfredi 2014a:308-311 claims that CLuw. =tar does not always match the function of Hitt. =šan, which may be expected anyway.
[D.S.]
1.1.5Origin
For an attempt to connect the particle =tar with CLuw. =r, see Giusfredi 2014a:313f. and Yakubovich 2022a as well as under the lemma.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
Melchert (CLL:210) defends a connection with the Lycian particle =de, which is possible but difficult to prove; see under lemma. Watkins 1995b:151 n. 28 (followed by Melchert 1994a:260) reconstructs the particle as *tr̥ (as a variant of *tor, comparing Homeric Greek ταρ, Vedic tár-hi, Goth. ϸar ‘there’, pointing out the parallel between Pal. =kuwar and Vedic kar-hi, Goth. ƕar ‘where’). Dunkel (LIPP II:791) expresses doubts regarding the reconstruction of a zero-grade, because particles do not simply ablaut quantitatively. However, Dunkel neglects that such words undergo phonological reduction (or erosion) when cliticized. Therefore, the tonic *tór may have become *´=tr̥ (for both CLuw. =tar and Hom. Greek ταρ), when it was cliticized in the pre-history.
[D.S.]
*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.