*ápero-

The lexeme is attested ten times in inscriptions from Commagene, Tabal, Aleppo, Emirgazi and Karkamiš, dating from the second half of the 13^th century to the mid 8^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

nom. sg. c.	/apparis/	POST+ra/i-i-sá	MALPINAR, §20 (Commagene)
		POST+ra/i-i-sa	MALPINAR, §27 (Commagene)
		POST+ra/i-˹sa˺	TOPADA, §37 (Tabal)
		POST+ra/i-sa	ANKARA 1, §8 (unknown)
		POST(+ra/i?)-sa	ALEPPO 6, §11 (Aleppo)
		POST-sa	EMİRGAZİ 1A, §13 (Emirgazi)
		˹POST˺-sa	EMİRGAZİ 1C, §13 (Emirgazi)
nom. pl. c.	/apparinzi/	POST+ra/i-i-zi	KARKAMIŠ A7, §2 (Karkamiš)
		POST+ra/i-zi/a	TOPADA, §3 (Tabal)
acc. pl. c.	/apparinzi/	POST+ra/i-zi	KARKAMIŠ A15b, §15 (Karkamiš)

[A.P.]

An approximate meaning was first suggested by Bossert 1960c:438, who regarded the word as a noun instead of an adjective.Incidentally, his translations in German are substantivised adjectives themselves, yet he does not explicitly consider this for the HLuw. word. He was followed by Laroche 1979b:348f., who compared the contexts to those with Hittite appezzi- ‘lesser’. Already Bossert 1960c:438 points out that the meaning is not just ‘lesser’ in social standing, but also in age;He suggest “der Nachfolgende, Kleinere, Geringere”. cf. also Giusfredi 2010b:144f. For instance, KARKAMIŠ A7, §2 illustrates the meaning well: za-zi-pa-wa/i-tú POST+ra/i-i-zi FRATER.LA-zi-i, approx. /zanzi=ba=wa=du apparinzi …-ninzi/, meaning ‘(This is Kamani), and these (are) his younger brothers’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:129).

[AH.B.]

Derived from the adverb /appa/ ‘back’, the present word is built with the suffix /-ra/i-/ to form an inflecting adjective (Oettinger 2001a:86 n. 12).Oettinger, followed by Melchert 2003b:196, regards this usage as forming oppositional antonyms, going back to earlier formations with *-ero-. It should be noted, however, that it cannot be determined for /appara/i-/ whether the suffix is /-ra/i-/ or /-ara/i-/, since any such meaning arises from the adverb, not the suffix, which seems only to serve the function of building an adjective, cf. Gusmani 1961b:53. The i-mutation is visible from the attestations, since many of them include a plene spelling of the /i/ with the ending, which alleviates the underspecification of the sign 〈+ra/i〉.

[AH.B.]

1. /appari/

2. /apparanta/

3. /apparadi/

4. /apparawisanti/

This lexeme is a hapax in Lycian A occurring in the non-sepulchral religious inscription TL 26 (see Bryce 1986a:89).

[O.B.]

acc. pl. c.

epris

TL 26.10 (Tlos)

In TL 26.10, the form epris occurs in the nominal phrase tijas : przis : sej epris ‘the foremost and e. penalties’. A plausible hypothesis is to analyze epre/i- as antonymic to przze/i- ‘foremost, first’, i.e. meaning ‘most back, last’ (thus already in Torp 1901b:32, as well as in e.g. Gusmani 1961b:53, Starke 1990a:349 n. 1233, Oettinger 2001a, DLL:15, Schürr 2005a:139, Sasseville 2021a:156). This analysis is subsequently confirmed by the HLuw. cognate /appari/ ‘afterwards’ (i.e. ‘further to the back (in time)’).

The meaning ‘upper’ (Meriggi 1978c:251 and previous publications by the same author) is outdated. A meaning ‘next’ as suggested in Bugge 1901a:59 is at least possible on account of the relation to przze/i- and HLuw. /appari/ outlined in the previous paragraph.

[O.B.]

Lyc. A epre/i- is an i-mutating adjective. Per Carruba 1976a:133 and Oettinger 2001a:86 n. 12, it is formed with the suffix *-ero-. The base is possibly the same as is found in Lyc. epñ ‘behind, after’ and Lyc. B epe ‘back, after (?)’.

[O.B.]

1. epri-^(ti)

This lexeme is a hapax in Lycian B occurring in TL 44, the pillar of Xanthos, dated stylistically to around 400 BCE and contextually to shortly after the ascension of the Persian emperor Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE (Borchhardt & Eichner 1997-1999a:19f.).

[O.B.]

nom. sg. c. or acc. sg. c. or dat./loc. sg.

epri

TL 44d.47 (Xanthos)

It is not clear which syntactic role epri has in the relevant passage, and hence it is not possible to decide whether the form is nom. sg. c., acc. sg. c. or dat./loc. sg. In the relevant passage on TL 44d, the epri may modify ziti in the dative/locative, kalu in the accusative or may possibly even refer to trqqiz in the nominative. There is at present no obvious best solution, although agreement with ziti might be the best candidate semantically according to our present understanding (see zit(i)- ‘end (?)’).

[O.B.]

See Meaning under the corresponding Lycian A lemma. A more or less identical meaning is assumed for Lycian B as in Lycian A, despite the lack of contextual information in Lycian B (see Forms).

[O.B.]

See Stem under the corresponding Lycian A lemma.

[O.B.]