*u̯on-
‘rock-carving’
- Language
- Proto-Luwic
- Class
- Base
- Grammar
- subst, common
- ID
- 1865
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/wana-/
‘rock-carving’1.1.1Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
*wana-
‘rock-carving’1.2.1Derivatives
1.3 Lydian
wãna-
‘(rock-carved) grave’1.3.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in numerous burial inscriptions, all of which are found in Sardis.
[I.Y.]
1.3.2Forms
| nom. sg. | wãnas | LW 2.2 (Sardis) | |
| LW 3.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 4b.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 5.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 6.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 7.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 8.1 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 9.2 (Sardis) | |||
| wanas | LW 108.1 (Sardis) | ||
| [w]ãnas | LW 16.1 (Sardis) | ||
| acc. sg. | wãnaν | LW 18.2 (Sardis) | |
| dat. sg. | wãnaλ | LW 1.5, 6 (Sardis) | |
| LW 2.6 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 2.8 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 3.4 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 6.2 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 7.3 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 8.7 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 8.10 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 9.7 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 12.5 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 15.9 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 108.4 (Sardis) | |||
| ]wãnaλ | LW 71.4 (Sardis) | ||
| [wã]naλ | LW 8.3 (Sardis) | ||
| wãn[aλ] | LW 1.3 (Sardis) |
1.3.3Graphic Features
The consistent use of the nasal vowel in the first syllable of this lexeme played an important role in demonstrating the correlation between stress and the use of the nasal vowels in Lydian (Eichner 1986b:213f). The only exception is LW 108.
[I.Y.]
1.3.4Meaning
The basic reference to the rock-carved grave chamber was already determined in Littmann 1916a:31 based on the correspondence with Aram. m‘rt’ ‘cavern’ in the bilingual LW 1. On the other hand, the context of LW 6 suggests that wãna- can be used as a hypernym for the whole of the burial installation (Bossert 1944a:112). Therefore the ambiguity between the broad and narrow meanings of English ‘grave’ appears to have a counterpart in Lydian.
[I.Y.]
1.3.5Stem
Synchronically, this is a barytone a-stem.
[I.Y.]
1.3.6Derivatives
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘rock-carving’
The comparison between Luwian waniya- ‘rock face’ and Lyd. wãna- ‘(rock-carved) grave’ (Lehrman 1998a:167f.) lead to the reconstruction of a Proto-Luwic root *u̯on-, pertaining to rock carving. This root can be connected to the Proto-Anatolian root *gu̯hen- ‘to strike’, which keeps its labio-velar property in the Luwic root verb due to the position before n in the zero-grade PAnat. *gu̯hén-/*gu̯hn-´(ti) > PLuwic *u̯én-ti/ku̯n-énti with paradigmatic leveling in favor of the weak stem. In this case, the nominal formations found for example in Lydian wãna- (< *gu̯hon-eh2-) For the historical side of the Lydian barytone a-stem and the o-grade required by the -ã- in Lyd. wãna-, see Sasseville 2017a:143 and Luwian uwaniya- c. (< *gu̯hon-i̯eh2-) did not partake in the analogical levelling, which would explain the regular development of the voiced labio-velar *gu̯h > w.
Other derivatives in Luwian such as HLuw. /wanid-/ ‘stele’ and CLuw. wanīti(ya)- ‘related to a stone block’ show the presence of a deradical i-stem in the -id- suffix perhaps also detectable in *gu̯hon-ii̯-eh2- > CLuw. uwaniya-.
[D.S.] [E.R.]