*anko

This lexeme is attested in various grave inscriptions as well as in historical contexts.

[D.S.]

indecl.	ẽke	TL 88.2 (Myra)
		TL 104b.2 (Myra)
		N 320.1 (Xanthos)
	eke	TL 118.7 (Limyra)
	ãka	TL 44a.50 (Xanthos)
	ãke	Fragment A (to N 324-325) (Xanthos)
	ñke	TL 112.2 (Limyra)

The word eke (TL 118.7) has been attributed to a different lexeme of unknown meaning (DLL:13 and cf. ekẽ[ at TL 149.14), although a sporadic loss of nasalization in front of the following consonant would be fine. The form n͂ke simply reflects a sporadic syncope of the initial vowel. Nonetheless, since the passage is unclear, the attribution remains highly tentative. See also Sasseville 2021c:166 for a potential postpositional use of ẽke in pddẽn(e) eke (TL 44a.45).

[D.S.]

Thomsen 1899a:21 recognizes that Lyc. A ẽke (TL 88.2) is a temporal conjunction and translates ẽke lati with ‘as soon as/when he dies’ (followed by Borchhardt & Eichner 1997-1999a:83, Melchert in DLL:20, Neumann 2007a:81). Meriggi 1936b:280 points out that the modal meaning is clear from the case of TL 44a.50, where the Lycian king is compared to Hercules (thus also Melchert in DLL:8). Therefore, he assumes that the conjunction is imbued with both the temporal and modal sense. Laroche 1958b:180 n. 5 compares it to CLuw. āḫḫa referring only to the modal function ‘like, as’ (followed by Melchert 1992b:46 and Shevoroshkin 2012a:476). The etymological connection with Luwian is rightly rejected on phonological grounds by Carruba 1978a:862 n. 10 (and Yakubovich 2012a), who compares instead the Hittite adverb anku. Nevertheless, this does not affect the sense of the Lycian word. The meaning is further supported by the trilingual inscription, in which ẽke is rendered with Greek ἐπεί (Laroche 1979c:60).

[D.S.]

1. ẽkepi

This lexeme is attested in the inscription of the inscribed pillar of Xanthos, dated contextually to shortly after the ascension of Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE and stylistically to around 400 BCE (Borchhardt & Eichner 1997-1999a:19f.) as well as in the poetical inscription engraved on the lion sarcophagus of Antiphellos, dated on stylistic grounds to the beginning of the 4^th century BCE (Zahle 1979a:318, Mühlbauer 2007a:91).

[D.S.]

indecl.	ẽke	TL 44d.6 (Xanthos)
		TL 44d.32 (Xanthos)
	ẽk(e)	TL 44c.49 (Xanthos)
	e{:}ke	TL 55.2 (Antiphellos)

One should also compare the unclear word [.]emẽke (TL 44d.15). The form eke at TL 55.2 has been attributed to a separate lexeme of unknown semantics (see DLL:114).

[D.S.]

In analogy to the Lycian A word, Gusmani 1968c:10, 12 translates Lyc. B ẽke as a temporal conjunction in TL 44d.6 (Gusmani 1968c:12, DLL:116, Neumann 2007a:81, Shevoroshkin 2012a:476, Gehrisch 2018a:86, Sasseville 2021d), which is entirely convincing. Melchert (DLL:116) notices that ẽke in its modal use (found at TL 44d.6) is postposed (cf. Schürr 2016d:68). Therefore, both the temporal and modal functions are present in the Lycian B word as well.

[D.S.]

The attestations of this lexeme are limited to the inscriptions found at the Sardis cemetery and roughly datable to 5^th / 4^th century BCE.    

[I.Y.]

indecl.	=ãk	LW 12.6 (Sardis)
		LW 13.1 (Sardis)
		LW 15.4 (Sardis)

This clitic particle is always attached to the relative adverb kud, apparently reinforcing or specifying its meaning.

Typologically, this situation can be compared with the case of Hieroglyphic Luwian /kuman/ ‘when’, apparently reflecting the stem of the relative adverb /kwi-/ reinforced by /man/ ‘when’ > ‘if, whether’. This parallel supports the etymological analysis of Sideltsev & Yakubovich 2016a:120, where Lyd. =ãk is connected with Lyc. ẽke ‘as, when’. The likely entailment of this etymology for the synchronic treatment of Lydian is that the combination of kud and =ãk can likewise be assigned the meaning ‘when’. The proposed analysis appears to be compatible with the relevant contexts, but no more than this, since the content of the poetic inscriptions LW 12, 13, and 15 remain largely obscure. The less likely alternative would be taking =ãk as a variant of =nak ‘also’, affected by syncope.

[I.Y.]