/attuwal-/
‘evil’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- subst, n.
- ID
- 2516
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/attuwal-/, MALUS-la/i-
‘evil’1.1.1Transmission
The 13 attestations of this lexeme are spread over a large area between Tabal and Commagene in the centre, and Karkamiš and Tell Ahmar in the South-East of the HLuw. area; they date between the late 10th and the late 8th centuries BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| acc. sg. | /attuwan=za/ | *a-MALUS-wa/i-za | TELL AHMAR 2, 7§13 (Tell Ahmar) |
| TELL AHMAR 6, 8§30 (Tell Ahmar) | |||
| *a-MALUS-wa/i-z[a] | TELL AHMAR 1, §19 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| MALUS-za | KARABURUN, 2§7 (Tabal) | ||
| KARABURUN, 3§9 (Tabal) | |||
| SULTANHAN, (base, sides)§34 (Tabal) | |||
| dat./loc. sg. | /attuwaliya/ | MALUS-ia | KULULU 6, top§4 |
| abl./instr. | /attuwaladi/ | *a-MALUS-la/i-ti-i | KARKAMIŠ A11b+c: A11c, 2§19 (Karkamiš) |
| KARKAMIŠ A11b+c: A11c, §20 (Karkamiš) | |||
| MALUS-la/i-a-ti | ALEPPO 2, §24 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| MALUS-la/i-ti | KARKAMIŠ A31+frag., §10 (Karkamiš) | ||
| ADIYAMAN 1, 2§3 (Commagene) | |||
| MALUS-lá/í-[ti | KARKAMIŠ frag. A19p, l. 3 (Karkamiš) | ||
| MALUS-la/i[-ti] | ANCOZ 2, l. 2 (Commagene) |
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Never fully syllabically spelt, the phonological interpretation of this lexeme nevertheless rests on a solid basis for several reasons. Firstly, the different spellings across the paradigm provide ample clues as to much of the latter part of the stem. Secondly, the attestations with initial-a-final spelling in Tell Ahmar and Karkamiš offer further proof by supplying the first sound of the word. Thirdly, /attuwal-/ serves as a basis for several derived words whose spellings support the phonological clues contained in the various attestations of /attuwal-/, including the once-attested fully syllabic spelling of the adjective /attuwal(i)-/ in the Hu. version of the very late KARATEPE bilingual. All of this connects the lexeme to CLuw. /attuwal-/ and related words (see already Hawkins 1980a:150).
As for the stem allomorphy between the nom./acc. sg. and the remainder of the paradigm, Yakubovich 2014a:285f. shows that the change /attuwan- ~ attuwal-/ is due to a phonological process within HLuw. that changes all sequences of /lts/ to /nts/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The appearance of the adjective /attuwal(i)-/ related to the present lexeme in the KARATEPE bilingual facilitated a clear semantic interpretation early on (see already Bossert 1949a:112 for HLuw.), assisted also by the fact that the logogram MALUS is always part of its spelling and thereby ties the word family together also on a graphemic level. In addition to that, the word is etymologically well-connected within the Anatolian branch and constitutes an important part of ritual vocabulary, but it is also found in other contexts. The CLuw. evidence (already Otten 1953a:32) lends further support. A typical example can be found at KARKAMIŠ A31+, §10, the beginning of a curse formula: za-ti-pa-wa/i DEUS-ní kwa/i-sa MALUS-la/i-ti VERSUS-ia-na PES2-si-ti, approx. /zatti=ba=wa massani kwis attuwaladi tawiyan wisidi/, translating as ‘(He) who emerges with evil against this god’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:141).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
This neuter noun is commonly regarded as a back-formation based on the adjective HLuw. /attuwal(i)-/ ‘bad, evil’, cf. the discussion below at the CLuw. cognate.
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
ādduwāl-
‘evil’1.2.1Transmission
The substantive is found in NS fragments across genres: in a festival text, in the Ritual for the Sick Child, and a ritual from the Kuwattalla tradition.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom./acc. sg. | a-ad-du-wa-⸢a-al⸣ | KUB 35.88 ii 11 | (CTH 766, NS) |
| a-ad-du-[wa-a-a]l | KBo 29.9 obv. 10 | (CTH 760, NS) | |
| a-ad-du-wa-an-za | KBo 13.260 iii 13’ | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| ad-⸢du⸣-wa-an-z[a] | KUB 35.133 iv 12 | (CTH 665, LNS) | |
| nom./acc. pl. | a-ad-du-u-wa-la | KUB 9.6 iii 13’ | (CTH 759, LNS) |
| a-a[d-du-wa-la] | DBH 46/2.33, 12’ | (CTH 759, MS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The form ādduwanza was plausibly interpreted by Yakubovich 2014a:285f. as the characteristic outcome of original ādduwalza in the Luwian dialect of Ḫattuša, which underwent a sound change /lts/ > /nts/. Previously, Melchert (in CLL:41, followed in HHw:32, EDHIL:421, Rieken 2012a:277f.) had posited a thematic stem ādduwa-, now superseded by Yakubovich’s new solution. Also, Starke’s (Starke 1990a:62) assumption that ādduwanza represents the neuter form of a stem †āddu(i)- can therefore be given up (already rejected in CLL:41 on different grounds).
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
The semantic interpretation of ādduwāl- as ‘evil’ goes back to Sommer 1932a:50f. n. 5, who translated (15)ku-iš-tar mal-ḫa-aš-ša-aš-ša-an-za-an en-ia (16)a-ad-du-u-wa-la a-an-ni-ti (KUB 9.6 iii 13’) tentatively as “who commits evil against the ritual patron”. In support of his suggestion, he adduces the equation of adduwalin eme-in (KUB 35.45 iii 12) with Hitt. idalun eme-an (KUB 12.58 ii 14) containing the same lexeme in its original adjectival use. The translation was generally accepted and has stood the test of time (see e.g. Laroche 1948-1949a:20, Güterbock 1950a:216 n. 35, Otten 1953a:48, HW:328, DLL:35, CLL:41, HEG A-K:442, Oettinger 1986a:20, HED A, E, I:492, HHw:32, EDHIL:420).
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
The relationship of the noun ādduwal- n. with the adjective ādduwal(i)- is most easily explained as a substantivization of the neuter form of the adjective (thus Starke 1990a: 60 n. 118, 176, 300, followed in Oettinger 1986a:20, Rieken 2012a:277f.; differently Kammenhuber 1969a:276, who suspects the reason in a preference for l-stems in Luwian). Melchert (CLL:41) considers this possible, but also presents as an alternative the reverse process of derivation of the adjective ādduwal(i)- from the neuter consonant stem ādduwāl- by way of i-mutation (probably also assumed in Weitenberg 1984a:188, 209, HED A, E, I:493; undecided HEG A-K:443); cf. under the reconstruction of the lemma head.
[E.R.]
For the lemma head see ādduwāl(i)-.