/ibam(i)-/, (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi-
‘west’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 3621
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/ibam(i)-/, (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi-
‘west’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested nine times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, Tell Ahmar, Tabal and Cilicia, dating maximally from the late 10th to the early 7th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| dat./loc. sg. | /ibami/ | “OCCIDENS”-pa-mi | KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §32 (Cilicia) |
| (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi | KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §5 (Cilicia) | ||
| KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §25 (Cilicia) | |||
| KARATEPE 1 (Ho.), §5 (Cilicia) | |||
| (“SOL”)i-pa-mí-i | KARATEPE 1 (Ho.), §25 (Cilicia) | ||
| abl./instr. | /ibamadi/ | (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-ti-i | KARKAMIŠ A6, §1 (Karkamiš) |
| TELL AHMAR 1, §9 (Tell Ahmar) | |||
| (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-ri+i-i | BOHÇA, §1 (Tabal) | ||
| poss. adj. acc. pl. c. | /ibamassinzi/ | (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-si-zi | TELL AHMAR 6, §6 (Tell Ahmar) |
At TELL AHMAR 6, §1, the logogram OCCIDENS (sign *379) takes an unusual shape. With its closed circle, it seems to represent a half-way state between the regular open OCCIDENS and the closed SOL (sign *191) of KARATEPE 1 (Ho.), §25.
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
With several fully syllabic spellings attested, the phonological interpretation of this word can be deemed certain. Earlier interpretations saw it containing another nasal (e.g. “ip(a)man-” by Oettinger 1986b:49f.), but subsequent textual finds and scholarship have resulted in a reappraisal of the stem as showing i-mutation. The interpretation is further supported by the cognates around CLuw. ipam(i)- ‘sinister’ and iparwašša/i- ‘western’ (cf. CLL:90f.).
The shape of the logogram OCCIDENS was earlier analysed into LITUUS (*378) in a semi-circle, see Hawkins 1980d:141f. and before that Laroche 1960c:202.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning was first assigned to this word based on the evidence from the KARATEPE 1 bilingual inscription, even though the Phoenician version of the text at §5 uses the equivalent expressions in reverse order with l-mmṣʾ šmš w-ʿd mbʾy ‘from the rising of the sun unto its setting’, see Bossert 1948a:170, 182.Cf. Krahmalkov 2001a:246 for the Phoenician phrasing. Further occurrences later in the same text clear up the reversal, e.g. KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §25: *274-ta-li-ha-há-wa/i “CASTRUM”-sà PUGNUS-la/i/u-mi-tà-ia-a (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi “VERSUS”-na, approx. /hattalliha=wa harnissa allummidaiya ibami tawiyan/, meaning ‘I subdued strong fortresses towards the west’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:52).
In other contexts, the word is frequently paired with its antonym HLuw. /kistam(i)-/ ‘east’, resulting in an expression equalling ‘far and wide’ regarding fame claimed by the authors, e.g. KARKAMIŠ A6, §1.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word was analysed as a common gender stem in /-ma-/ already by Gusmani 1961b:52-53 n. 3. with subsequent i-mutation, cf. also Melchert 2003a:195. The earlier opinion voiced by Bossert 1948a:182, followed by Hawkins 2000a:59, about a participle in /-mma/i-/ is probably void, although cf. CLuw. ip(a)- (ipamma/i-).
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
For the lemma head, see */ib(a)-/.
ipat