/tuwaris(a)-/, (“VITIS”)tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-
‘vineyard’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, n.
- ID
- 2402
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tuwaris(a)-/, (“VITIS”)tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-
‘vineyard’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested nine times in inscriptions from Maraş̧, Aleppo and Tabal, dating from the 10th to the second half of the 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom./acc. sg. | /tuwarisan=za/ | tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-zá | SULTANHAN, §22 (Tabal) |
| tu-wa/i[+ra/i]-sà-za-a | KULULU 1, §8 (Tabal) | ||
| (“VITIS”)tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-za | BOR, §3 (Tabal) | ||
| dat./loc. sg. | /tuwarisa/ | tu-wa/i+ra/i-sa | SULTANHAN, §36 (Tabal) |
| /tuwarisi/ | tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-i | SULTANHAN, §34 (Tabal) | |
| gen. | /tuwarisas(sa)/ | tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-sa | SULTANHAN, §8 (Tabal) |
| /tuwarisassi/ | “VITIS”-si-i | BABYLON 1, §6 (Aleppo) | |
| nom./acc. pl. | /tuwarisa/ | (VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-sà! | MARAŞ 8, §6 (Maraş) |
| poss. adj. acc. sg. c. | /tuwarisassin/ | tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-si-i-na | SULTANHAN, §2 (Tabal) |
The attestation at MARAŞ 8, §6 seems to read 〈(VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-ta〉, on which Hawkins 2000a:254 notes that its final sign should probably instead be read 〈-sà!〉 because of its unusual shape within the context of this particular inscription.
The form attested at BOR, §4, 〈(VITIS)tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-na〉, has usually been attributed to the present lexeme as a defective and emended spelling, but is now assumed to have a different stem and can be found at HLuw. /tuwarisi(ya)-/ ‘of the vineyard’.
[A.P.] [AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this lexeme is reasonably secure. Earlier interpretations regarded a shape /tuwarsa-/ as more likely (thus already Meriggi 1934a:28), connecting it to Greek θύρσος ‘wand wreathed in ivy and vine-leaves’ (see e.g., Laroche 1960c:85, Hawkins 2000a:254, Oettinger 2003a:143),And still e.g. Bianconi 2020a:139 fn. 6. The connection with Greek θύρσος was already suggested by Gelb 1931a:10f., even though he followed the sign interpretations common at the time and thus read the word */tirsa-/. however, more recently a different shape has been suggested, viz. /tuwarisa-/ because of the nom./acc. pl. attested as 〈(VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-sà!〉 with 〈-ri+i-〉 explicitly spelling out both the presence and the quality of the vowel, and the CLuw. personal name Tuwariša, see also Rieken 2007a:296, Yakubovich 2010d:147, and Weeden 2013a:75-77.
Regarding the use of the logogram VITIS (sign *160, previously read VINUM), Morpurgo Davies & Hawkins 1987a:280 point out that it is used with a number of words from the semantic domain wine, e.g. HLuw. */wiyan(i)-/ ‘wine’, HLuw. /sarlatta-/ ‘offering’ etc.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of this word was reasonably clear from the beginning (see Gelb 1931a:10f.), because it is spelt with the logogram VITIS in a few cases, which scholars interpreted as connected to wine and/or wood. This led to a host of semantically connected suggestions for /tuwaris(a)-/Then generally read †/tuwarsa-/, of course, cf. the discussion in Phonological Interpretation. (see e.g. ‘tree’ and ‘garden’ by Hrozný 1933a:26, 58 et passim, followed by Meriggi 1934b:16), until Bossert 1952-1953a:175-181 again took up the suggestion ‘vineyard’ first proposed by Gelb 1935a:75, discussing the shape of the logogram VITIS and its relationship to corresponding signs and words in the surrounding scripts and languages.
The word is frequently, but by no means exclusively, used as a divine epithet for the storm-god Tarhunt, who is also called upon to make various vineyards flourish, see e.g. SULTANHAN, §22: a-wa/i TONITRUS-hu-za-sa za-´ tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-zá ma-sa-ha-ni-i-ti, approx. /a=wa Tarhunzas za tuwarisan=za mashaniTi/, meaning ‘(The storm-god) Tarhunza will make this vineyard grow’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:466).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word is a neuter noun and treated as an a-stem in the HLuw. system. The shape as /tuwaris(a)-/ rather than †/tuwarsa-/ can be regarded as certain because of the spelling attested at MARAŞ 8, §6, pointing to an earlier s-stem, i.e. */tuwaris-/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
For the lemma head, see CLuw. tūwa-.