*dhuu̯ā-
‘crop, harvest, fruit’
- Language
- Proto-Luwic
- Grammar
- subst, coll.
- ID
- 2398
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/tuwa-/
‘harvest, fruit (?)’1.1.1Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
tūwa-
‘crop, harvest, fruit’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in the song of growth performed at the end of the ritual for the disappearing deity involving the Palaic pantheon. For its attribution to the Luwian language (it was previously thought to be either Palaic or Hattic), see Sasseville 2021a:368-371.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom./acc. coll. | tu-ú-wa | KUB 32.16 iv 5’ | (CTH 752, OS) |
| KUB 32.18 iv 4’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 5’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 6’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 7’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 8’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 9’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 11’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| KUB 32.18 iv 13’ | (CTH 752, MS) | ||
| t[u-ú-wa] | KUB 32.18 iv 15’ | (CTH 752, MS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
Whereas Kammenhuber 1959a:59f., 89 and Carruba 1970a:75f. thought of tūwa as a Hattic exclamation of unknown meaning, Sasseville 2021a:370 suggests connecting the word etymologically to the base of Luw. dūwazza-, which he translates as ‘fruit-bearing, harvest-bringing’ (see also dūwaš- ‘harvest’ under Derivative). This is contextually supported, because tūwa is expected to be something that should grow, i.e. the fruits or the crops.
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
Based only on a nom./acc. pl. or coll. form, it is not possible to tell whether the word is a plural tantum (or coll.) or a neuter a-stem. Because of its semantics, the word is analyzed here as a collective.
[D.S.]
1.2.6Derivatives
1.3 Lycian B
*tuwa-
‘harvest, fruit’1.3.1Derivatives
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘harvest’
Rieken 2007a:296 suggests reconstructing the Luwian word dūwas- ‘harvest’ and the base of dūwazza- as PIE *dheu̯gh- ‘result, benefit’ (see below), in which the voiced velar *gh would regularly disappear in Luwian. Sasseville 2021a:370 further adds to the etymology the CLuw. collective dūwa- (< *dhEu̯gh-eh2-; root ablaut unclear) and Sasseville 2021d contributes the Lyc. B noun tubur(i)- ‘vine’ corresponding to HLuw. /tuwaris(a)-/ ‘vineyard’, both of which point towards a Proto-Luwic formation in *-ri- followed by a neuter s-suffix, i.e. *dhuu̯-o-ri-s-. For a potential Lydian cognate, see Lyd. τorsa-.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
According to Buck 1949a:511f., a word for ‘crop, harvest’ may have one of the following three sources: either it is the result of harvesting (cf. Gk. καρπός ‘crop, harvest, fruit’ : Lat. carpere ‘to pluck’), or it is named after the harvesting season (cf. Gk. θέρος ‘summer, hot season; crop, harvest’ : θερμός ‘hot’), or it has developed from “the general notions of ‘fruit, product, growth, gathering’” (cf. ModHG Ertrag ‘yield, crop, harvest’ : ertragen ‘to yield; [later] to suffer’). In view of the root etymology proposed below, it is likely that PLuw. *dhuu̯ā- ‘harvest’ belongs rather to the third category, thus ‘harvest’ < ‘fruit, product’ < ‘benefit, profit’ or < ‘result’. The reconstruction of an already PIE form *dh(E)u̯gh‑eh2- ‘result, (?)benefit’ is not advisable due to the lack of cognates.Theoretically, Gk. τύχη ‘chance, fate’, which means ‘success’ (< ‘benefit’?) in its earliest attestation (h.11.5) and which may be traced back to a more general meaning like ‘result’ (> ‘result beyond control’ > ‘fate’, etc.), might be compared. Furthermore, the second compound member Ved. °du(g)hā- ‘milk-cow’ in kamā-du(g)hā- ‘the cow of plenty’, etc. is adduced (cf. EWAia I:747). However, due to the complexities regarding the mythological facts involving the Greek and Old Indic divine names, it is refrained for the moment from the identification with PLuw. *dhuu̯ā- ‘harvest’.
3.1.1Root etymology
The root underlying PLuw. *dhuu̯ā- ‘harvest’ is PIE *dheu̯gh- (LIV²:148f.). However, regarding its meaning, different views can be found in the literature: “berühren (sich gut treffen), drücken, ausdrücken, melken, reichlich spenden” (IEW:271), “nutzbar machen, (Ertrag) produzieren” (LIV¹:129),Cf. also Sasseville 2021a:370 (“gain, profit”), following Rieken 2007a:296 (“Ertrag bringen, Nutzen bringen”) who, like Jasanoff 1978b:73f. (“to give forth as a benefit”), refers to Meid 1971a:24f. (“‘Ertrag produzieren, nutzbar machen’ (Akt.), ‘Ertrag geben, Nutzen bringen’ (Med.)”. Similar ALEW 2.0 s.v. daũg (2022-01-11): “spenden, bereitstellen”. Cf. also EIEC:211 (“fortune”?), 614 (“be useful, produce something useful”), EDPC:92“*dhewǵh- ‘be useful’”.“treffen” (LIV²:148f.).Cf. also EDG:1475, 1515 “hit the mark, meet”, EWAia I:748 (“über ‘berühren, treffen’ → ‘drücken’ → ‘ausdrücken, melken’ od. ähnl.”), GED:96 “meet (also, meet a goal, ie succeed)”, DELG:1143 (“exprime un procès dont le terme est envisagé, d’où le sens d’‘atteindre, rencontrer’ et ‘se rencontrer, se produire’”).While the third proposal is based mainly on Gk. ἔτυχον ‘I met’ and peculiar semantic developments,> ‘to touch’ > ‘to squeeze’ > ‘to milk’ as per EWAia I:748; → ‘splendid, excellent’ > ‘useful’ vel sim., cf. ModHG treffen ‘to meet’ : [vor‑]trefflich ‘excellent’ as per LIV²:149 n. 1b.the first one is semantically too broad to make sense. The second one, however, fits perfectly with what is found in Anatolian (cf. above) and may also explain the meanings of the other continuants more elegantly. Therefore, PIE *dheu̯gh- ought to be reconstructed with the meaning ‘to gain/provide profit, benefit’ (cf. LIV¹:129, contra LIV²:148f.).
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
In view of the lack of secure cognates it is refrained here from reconstructing PLuw. *dhuu̯ā- ‘harvest’ into the proto-language.On the phonologically possible comparanda Gk. τύχη ‘chance, fate; (also divine name)’ and Ved. °du(g)hā- ‘milk-cow’, cf. the comment above sub Semantic reconstruction.
3.2.1Root etymology
The root underlying the material presented above is reconstructed as PIE *dheu̯gh- ‘to gain/provide profit, benefit’ (LIV¹:129, LIV²:148f.).On the meaning, cf. above.The root final dorsal is noted by, e.g., EDPC:92, GED:96, and Seebold 1970a:150 as palatal, viz. PIE *dheu̯g̑h‑, for which there is, however, no clear evidence.
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
Ved. DOGH ‘to milk, extract’,“[T]he lndo-Iranian root *dogh- ‘milk’, whose connection with the Greek term remains most problematic, especially as it would imply the improbable semantic evolution: ‘touch’ (< *‘obtain [by fate]’) > ‘press’ > ‘milk’” (EIEC:211).MPers. doxtan ‘id.’, etc., Pers. dōγ ‘sour milk’, OPers. acc. sg. han-dugām f. ‘report’
EWAia I:747f., KEWA II:66f., Kümmel 1996a:62, Grassmann 1996a:619–622, Schmitt 2014a:189
Gk. τυγχάνω, aor. ἔτυχον ‘to happen (Il.+); to gain one’s end/purpose, succeed (Il.+); to hit upon (Il.+)’, Gk. τύχη ‘act; chance, fate; (also divine name)’ (h.Cer., Hes.+)
GEW II:940f., DELG:1142f., EDG:1515f., LSJ:1832f., 1839, LSJSuppl:297f., LfgrE IV:663–665, 683
Gk. τεύχω ‘to manufacture, accomplish, produce’ (Il.+), (?)Myc. part. nom.-acc. pl. n. te-tu-ko-wo-a /tetukhowoha/ ‘completed, well done(?)’
GEW II:888, DELG:1111f., Papanastassiou 1994a:84, EDG:1475, LSJ:1784, LfgrE IV:431–442, DMic II:342f.It is likely that some formations are influenced by or contaminated with continuants of PIE 1.*teu̯k- ‘to thrust, hit’ (LIV²:640; cf. also PIE 2.*teu̯k- ‘to become strong/fat, swell’ [LIV²:641] and PIE *tu̯ek- ‘to be visible’ [LIV²:654, cf. also Lyc. A tukedre/i- ‘statue’] with the same zero grade PIE *tuk‑). GEW II:941: “Beide Paradigmata [i.e. τυγχάνω and τεύχω; [A.O.]] haben sich aus einem nicht näher bestimmbaren idg. Keim im Griech. durchaus selbständig entwickelt.”
pret.-pres. Goth. 3sg. daug, OE dugun, OHG tugun ‘to be fit, avail’, etc., ON duga ‘id.’
EDPG:106f., Seebold 1970a:149–151, GED:96f.