/hartu-/
‘descendant, clan’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 2414
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/hartu-/, (INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-
‘descendant, clan’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested four times in inscriptions from Maraş and Tell Ahmar, dating from the late 10th or early 9th to the late 9th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom.(/acc.?) sg. | /hartus/ or /hartu=sa/ | (INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-sá | MARAŞ 1, §1g (Maraş) |
| gen. | /hartus(sa)/ | [“*18]7”-tú-sa | TELL AHMAR 1, §6 (Tell Ahmar) |
| *187-sa | BOROWSKI 3, §4 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| /hartuwas/ | *187-wa/i-sa | TELL AHMAR 6, §15 (Tell Ahmar) |
The gender of this noun is not clear, see the discussion of the stem below.
The attestation at MARAŞ 1, §1g could also be analysed as a gen., because the expected form /hartuwas(sa)/ (thus TELL AHMAR 6, §15) also occurs contracted as /hartus(sa)/ for which cf. TELL AHMAR 1, §6; see also the discussion of the stem below.
[A.P.] [AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this word is reasonably secure due to the CLuw. cognates around ḫartuwatt(i)- ‘descendance’ (CLL:61) and Hittite ḫartu- ‘offspring, descendance’ (HED Ḫ:202, cf. also Oshiro 1990a:87). The attestations show the insertion of the glide /w/ before vowel-initial endings as in the case of the genitive in /-as/, and the subsequent occasional contraction of resulting /-uwa-/ to /-u-/, cf. Yakubovich 2015b:6.2 and Melchert 2003b:183.
In the attestations, the word is frequently spelt with the logogram *187, which resembles a star, but its semantic content has so far remained in the dark. It is used in the word family around /hartu-/ ‘clan’ and in a small number of other words not yet fixed with a meaning.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The general meaning of this word has been clear for a long time with the various suggestions all belonging to the semantic field of kinship, because MARAŞ 1, §1g represents a phrase in a long line of patrilineal descendence: Ila+ra/i+a-ma-si-sá LEPUS+ra/i-ia-li-sa (INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-sá, approx. /Larammassis tabariyallis hartus/, translating as ‘(I am Halparuntiya … the great-great-great-grandson of the hero Muwizzi,) descendant (or: child of the clan?) of the ruler Laramma’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:262 and Schaffner 2010-2011a:107).
Apart from that, the word is attested three times in very similar contexts, with TELL AHMAR 6, §15 chosen for illustration here: *187-wa/i-sa-pa-wa/i-ta 1-ta-ti (PES2)tara/i-zi-ha, approx. /hartuwas=ba=wa=tta …-ttaTi tarziHa/, whose meaning is somewhat opaque, but may be ‘I had access(?) to/for the clan’s first (place?)’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The word is clearly a u-stem. It is usually regarded as a neuter gender because of its Hittite cognate ḫartu- ‘descendance’, but as Schaffner 2010/11a:108 points out, the latter’s stem is in question and may therefore not be a full cognate of the HLuw. word. The HLuw. attestations do not provide the necessary proof for the gender, because the spelling 〈(INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-sá〉 (from MARAŞ 1, §1g) may be analysed either as a common gender nom. sg. /hartus/ or as neuter gender /hartu=sa/ nom./acc. sg.; in the context either is possible, and the remaining attestations are all gen., hence not permitting any conclusions regarding grammatical gender.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
*ḫartu-
‘descendant (?)’1.2.1Compounds
1.2.2Derivatives
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
It is questionable whether the word ḫartu- occurring in Hittite Transmission is Hittite (thus HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:381) or a Luwian borrowing; more evidence is needed. Projecting HLuw. /hartu-/ back into Proto-Anatolian, we obtain a u-stem of the shape *HErTu-. A priori, it is tempting to see a formation in *-tu- derived from a root *Her-, e.g. PAnat. *h3ór-/h3r-´ ‘to arise’, i.e. *h3er-tu- (thus Kloekhorst 2006a:93 and EDHIL:317 following Weitenberg; outdated HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:382). Schaffner 2010-2011a:105-107 follows another etymology (see HED H:202) and reconstructs a noun *h2r̥dhú-, i.e. a u-stem to a root *h2redh- ‘to emerge’ also found in Balto-Slavic and Greek. For the Indo-European information, see the detailed paper by Schaffner 2010-2011a ibid.Doubtful Carruba 1965a:557 who compares Lyd. Ardys. Based on current research, we would expect the laryngeal to be preserved.
[D.S.]