*Hu̯ḗp-o-
‘badness’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 3997
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/huib(i)-/
‘cruelty, ruthlessness’1.1.1Derivatives
1.2 Luwian in Hittite transmission
ḫuip(i)-
‘cruelty, ruthlessness’1.2.1Transmission
The noun occurs together with the derived adjective ḫuipi(ya)- in the Ištanuwa festival in Hittite context.
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| acc. sg. | ḫu-i-pí-in | KBo 23.57 iv 17’ | (CTH 772, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
While it is clear that ḫuipin and ḫuipiy[aš/eš] (ibid. iv 16’) belong to the same root, the plene spelling in tarpīn points to an adjective tarpi(ya)- as the attribute of substantival ḫuip(i)-. This speaks against the identity of a stem in ḫuipin and ḫuipiy[aš/eš] as generally assumed (thus CLL:83, HED H:360, Ünal 2007a:222, considered also in HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:654). Accordingly, the relevant passage (KBo 23.57 iv 15’-17’) can be interpreted as follows: (15’)ana kur.kur LÚkúr=ma idālauwaš [...] (16’)LÚḫarpanalliyēš ḫuipiy[aš/eš] idalawaš (17’)tarpīn ḫuipin piški “Give cruel enemies (and) cruelty related to bellicosity to the evil enemy lands [...]!” (building on HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:654, contra HED H:360).
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
Given the interpretation proposed under Meaning, ḫuipin represents a substantive with i-mutation, see also under tarpi(ya)- (different CLL:83, HED H:360, Ünal 2007a:222, considered also in HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:654).
[E.R.]
1.2.6Derivatives
1.2.6.17.1 Uncertain Derivatives
I. ḫuḫ(ḫ)upa-
1.2.7Origin
Like its derivatives, ḫuip(i)- represents a loanword from Luwian (see under ḫuipi(ya)- for arguments and references).
[E.R.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘badness’
As shown by Melchert 2022a:200 (contra Rieken 1999a:114f. with 528), the word families of Hitt. ḫuwapp-/ḫupp- ‘to do evil to’ and CLuw. ḫuip(i)- ‘cruelty, ruthlessness’ can be connected most easily, if one starts from *Hu̯op- in Hittite and *Hu̯ḗp-o- (vṛddhi-formation) in Luwian (with Luwian *ḗ > -i-) with lenition of the labial stop following a long-accented vowel; cf. EDHIL:369-371 “*h2u̯eph1-”, HED H:432, HEG A-H:331 with further literature.An original acrostatic i-stem for Luw. ḫuip(i)- is also possible on the formal side. From the Anatolian perspective, the initial laryngeal would be either *h2 or *h3. The Hittite adjective ḫuwappa- ‘evil, bad’ (HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:818-820, EDHIL:370), on the other hand, does not reflect the same formation but rather an underlying thematic adjective in *-o- with o-grade of the root. The vocalism in the root of ḫuḫ(ḫ)upa- could be due to a secondary contraction of *-wi- > u or to an actual zero-grade of the root. In the latter case, the lenition of the root-final labial could analogical or, if the accent was on the reduplicated syllable, it regularly happened between two unaccented syllables.
[D.S.] [E.R.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
The evidence for the root *h2/3u̯ep- ‘to do evil to, act in a hostile way towards, mistreat’ is limited to Anatolian and Germanic, with one further possible cognate in Celtic (Old Irish fel ‘evil’).
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
The different adjectival formations suggested by Hittite ḫuwappa- ‘evil, bad’ (*h2/3u̯op-o-), Cuneiform Luwian ḫuip(i)- ‘cruelty, ruthlessness’ (*h2/3u̯ēp-o-?), and Proto-Germanic *ubilaz ‘evil, bad’, Old Irish fel ‘evil’ (*h2/3up-ilo-) are not difficult to account for morphologically, though they reflect different derivational strategies: Anatolian preserves both a simple thematic adjective (*h2/3u̯op-o-) and a lengthened-grade variant (*h2/3u̯ēp-o-?), while Germanic and possibly Celtic show a suffixal extension with *-ilo-, suggesting a secondary adjectival formation. The variation likely reflects independent developments from a shared verbal root *h2/3u̯ep- ‘to act evilly, mistreat’, which gave rise to various adjective types denoting ‘evil’ or ‘hostile’ across the attested branches.
[S.H.]
4. Transmission
Hittite ḫuwapp-/ḫupp- ‘to do evil to’, ḫuwappa- ‘evil, bad’, Cuneiform Luwian ḫuip(i)- ‘cruelty, ruthlessness’, ḫuipa-(ti) ‘to act ruthlessly/cruelly’, Luwian Gloss wedge word 
ḫuḫ(ḫ)upa- c. ‘evil (?)’, etc.See EDHIL:369–371, Melchert 2022a.
(?) Old Irish fel ‘evil’.Cf., e.g., EDPC:396 s.v. *ufelo-.
Proto-Germanic *ubilaz ‘evil, bad’ (Gothic ubils, English evil, German übel, etc.), *ubjaz ‘id.’ (Old High German uppe ‘evil-minded’), *ūbaz ‘id.’ (Old Norse úfr ‘evil, hostile’).Cf., e.g., Heidermanns 1993a:637–639, EDPG:557 s.v. *ubila-.