*tr̥béi̯e/o-

This lexeme is attested twelve times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, Malatya, Tabal and Maraş, dating from the 10^th or early 9^th to the late 8^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

[A.P.]

Typically found in curse formulae, the verb is often used to detail the penalty to be inflicted upon anyone damaging the respective inscription, i.e. it must denote a destructive action. The meaning first proposed tentatively by Laroche 1960c:59f. ‘to trample’ (“piétiner”) is well-suited, even once the amalgamated paradigms of the verbs /tarba-/ ‘to tread, trample’ and /tarb(a)i-/ had been separated by Yakubovich 2002a:203. The meaning ‘to attack’ was added by Yakubovich 2010a:389 (similarly already Josephson 1979a:183) upon comparison with Hittite tarpa tiya- ‘to attack, advance against’. Thus, KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §15 runs: *a-wa/i-ta *a-pa-sa tá-ti-ia-za DOMUS-ni-za kar-ka-mi-si-za-sa(URBS) DEUS.TONITRUS-sa (CORNU)ki-pu-tà-ti-i a-tá (PES₂.PES)tara/i-pi-tu-u, approx. /a=wa=tta abas tadiyan=za parnin=za Karkamissizzas Tarhunzas kippudadi anta tarbidu/, meaning ‘The (storm-god) Tarhunza of Karkamiš shall trample with (his) hooves into his paternal house!’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:109).

[AH.B.]

The verb belongs to the class in /-(a)i-^(di)/ and shares the same root as /tarba-^(di)/ ‘to tread, trample’ and Lycian trbbe-^(ti) (Sasseville 2021a:222). Sasseville assumes an iterative meaning because of the logographic determinative PES₂.PES, however, the explanation by Yakubovich 2002a:203 as an indication of non-directional movement is more cogent in this case.The link suggested by Morpurgo Davies 1986a:143 incl. n. 37 with *trep- ‘to turn’ is therefore still possible out on semantic grounds (pace Sasseville), but Yakubovich’s suggestion involving Greek τραπέω ‘to tread grapes’ (thus already Josephson 1979a:183) is still more convincing.

[AH.B.]

The verb occurs in a Luwian letter fragment and a ritual passage from the Tauriša tradition (from MS onwards).

[E.R.]

For the forms, see DLL:93 under (2), distinguished from tarpa- under (5), and CLL:217. – Unclear is the assignment of tar-pí(-)[ at KBo 29.52, 9’ and KBo 29.56, 6’ (both CTH 766, MS); see CLL:216 and DCL:s.v.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.

[E.R.]

While the fragmentary context in the letter does not offer any clues for the semantic interpretation, the ritual context combines the illness of the head and eyes (turned into the subject with the -ant(i)- ergative suffix gig-anteš ‘illness’) with the predicate tarpīta (3sg. pret. act.). This leads to the conclusion that tarp(a)i-^(di) denotes an aggressive activity against a patient (in object position, unfortunately broken off). Thus, the translation ‘to attack, advance against’ is a serious candidate, further confirmed by the Hieroglyphic Luwian cognate /tarb(a)i-^(di)/ ‘to attack, trample’ (see Lehrman 1998a:187, Yakubovich 2010a:389, Steitler 2017a:398; different Josephson 1979a:183 and Sasseville 2021a:222; for the separation from tarpa-^(di), see CLL:217 contra van Brock 1959a:119, Josephson 1979a:181f., Starke 1990a:234, Sasseville 2021a:222; cf. also Steitler 2017a:398 with references).

[E.R.]

The attribution of the verb to stems in -(a)i-^(di) (excluding the class in -i(ya)-^(di)) is based on that of its cognates HLuw. /tarb(a)i-^(di)/ and Lyc. tarb(e)i-^(di) (Sasseville 2021a:222).                     

[E.R.]

This lexeme is a hapax attested on TL 44, the pillar of Xanthos, dated stylistically to around 400 BCE and contextually to shortly after the ascension of the Persian emperor Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE (Borchhardt & Eichner 1997-1999a:19f.).

[O.B.]

Lyc. A tarb(e)i-^(di) occurs in a martial context in a narrative passage on the Xanthos stele, taking the place name tlãñ (acc. sg.) ‘Tlos’ as its direct object (Sasseville 2021c:165). On contextual and formal grounds, the verb is often connected to Luw. /tarb(a)i-^(di)/ ‘to trample’, presumably with similar semantics. Plausible proposals include ‘to trample’ (Shevoroshkin 1969a:262, Sasseville 2021a:234) and ‘to conquer’ (DLL:60, Neumann 2007a:338). Supporting evidence for the former interpretation might be available in the possible radical cognate Lyc. A trbbe-^(ti) ‘to tread on (vel sim.)’. However, a more precise analysis is hindered by the lexeme being a hapax.

[O.B.]

On account of the stem forming -i- and the lenited ending in tarbide, as well as the connection to Luw. /tarb(a)i-^(di)/, Lyc. A tarb(e)i-^(di) is a leniting verbal stem in -(e)i-^(di).

[O.B.]