*k^u̯ei̯-

The existence of the verb Lyc. A *ti-, Lyc. B *ki- (< Panat. *ku̯ei̯-) is posited due to nominal derivations, such as Lyc. A tija- c. ‘penalty’, which cannot be derived from the reduplicated verbal stem tti-^(ti). The verbal stem type of this reconstructed lexeme is either a root verb of the mi-conjugation or a ḫi-verb.

[D.S.]

The PIE root *k^u̯ei̯- means ‘to make (sb.) pay/atone; to punish (sb.)’ (cf., e.g., EIEC:123, LIV²:379f.). It has to be separated from at least two homonymous roots, viz. *k^u̯ei̯- ‘to perceive, notice’ (LIV²:377f. s.v. 1.*k^u̯ei̯-, IEW:636f.) and *k^u̯ei̯- ‘to collect, layer’ (LIV²:378f. s.v. 2.*k^u̯ei̯-, IEW:637f.). However, as pointed out in LIV²:380 n. 1, it cannot be excluded that *k^u̯ei̯- ‘to make (sb.) pay/atone; to punish (sb.)’ semantically developed via *‘to perceive’ > *‘to perceive blamingly’ > ‘to punish’, thus enabling an identification with the root *k^u̯ei̯- ‘to perceive, notice’.

Among the nominal formations derived from *k^u̯ei̯- ‘to make (sb.) pay/atone; to punish (sb.)’, the stem *k^u̯oi̯-neh₂- is of particular importance because of its attestation in several IE languages, cf. OAv. kaēnā- f. ‘punishment, retaliation, atonement, revenge’, Gk. ποινή f. ‘weregild, atonement, penalty, fine, vengeance’ (whence the loanword Lat. poena f. ‘punishment, penalty’, cf. WH II:329f.), Lith. káina f. ‘price, value, profit’, and OCS cěna f. ‘price, value’. As for the verbal stem formation (LIV²:379f.), traces of a PIE nu-stem present *k^u̯i-néu̯-/*k^u̯i-nu-´ can be found in three languages, cf. Gk. τίνε/o- act. ‘to pay (a price, penalty, debt), pay/atone (for sth.)’, midd. ‘to make sb. pay/atone (for sth.), avenge oneself on sb., punish sb.’ (< thematized *k^u̯i-nu̯-e/o-), probably PCelt. *k^u̯i-nu- (as derivational base of the noun *k^u̯i-nu-t- > MIr. cin, gen. cinad ‘crime, fault, guilt’, as per LIV²:379f. with n. 6 and lit.), and Iran. *či-nu- (in Av. cinuuaṇt- pres. part. act., probably ‘penitent’). Furthermore, Lyc. A ttiti, Lyc. B kikiti ‘to make pay, stipulate as atonement’ along with YAv. cikaii- ‘to pay penalty, atone’ point to a reduplicated present PIE *k^u̯i-k^u̯éi̯-/*k^u̯i-k^u̯i-´, while Ved. cáya-^te ‘to punish, collect (debt, penance)’ goes back to a simple thematic present *k^u̯éi̯-e/o- (LIV²:379). In addition, the Anatolian verbal stems Lyc. A *ti-, Lyc. B *ki-, which can be presupposed due to nominal derivatives like Lyc. A tija- c. ‘penalty’, suggest the existence of a Proto-Anatolian mi- or ḫi-conjugated root verb *ku̯ei̯- (cf. PAnat. Reconstruction).

[T.S.]

Ved. cáya-^te pres. ‘to punish, collect (debt, penance)’; YAv. cikaiiat̰ 3sg. pres. subj. act. ‘shall pay penalty, shall atone’, OAv. kaēnā- f. ‘punishment, retaliation, atonement, revenge’, Av. cinuuaṇt- m. ‘penitent (?)’Cf., e.g., EWAia I:532f. s.v. CAY³ with lit.

Gk. τίνε/o- (Ion. ῑ, Att. ῐ) pres. act. ‘to pay (a price, penalty, debt), pay/atone (for sth.)’, midd. ‘to make sb. pay/atone (for sth.), avenge oneself on sb., punish sb.’, Hom. Ion. Cret. τείνυμαι pres. midd. ‘id.’; cf. also Myc. qe-ja-me-no = /k^u̯ei̯hamenos/ (aor.^? part. midd. nom. sg. m.Cf. LIV²:380 n. 7 with discussion and lit.), ποινή f. ‘weregild, atonement, penalty, fine, vengeance’Cf., e.g., GEW II:573f. s.v. ποινή, 902f. s.v. τίνω, LIV²:379f., EDG:1217f. s.v. ποινή, 1486f. s.v. τίνω.

MIr. cin m. ‘guilt, fault, crime’Cf., e.g., LIV²:379f. with n. 6, EDPC:180.

Lith. káina f. ‘price, value, (Žem.) profit’, Latv. cìens m. ‘honor, respect, esteem’Cf., e.g., LEW I:203, EDBIL:217f.

OCS cěna f. ‘price, value’, Russ. cená ‘id.’, SCr. cijèna ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDSIL:75 and EDBIL:217f.