/aruwaru-/
‘to lift, erect (?)’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2232
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/aruwaru(wa)-(i)/, *261.PUGNUS-ru-
‘to erect (?)’1.1.1Transmission
Possibly attested six times (see discussion in Forms and Graphic Features below), this lemma can be found in a number of inscriptions from two locations. The texts from Karkamiš are dated to between the late 10th or early 9th century, whereas the inscription originating from Malatya dates from the early or mid-8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| 1sg. pret. ind. act. | /aruwaruhha/ | *261.PUGNUS-ru-ha | KARKAMIŠ A2+3, §9 (Karkamiš) |
| [*261.]PUGNUS-ru-ha | KARKAMIŠ A11a, §11 (Karkamiš) | ||
| 3sg. impv. act. | /aruwaru(wa)ttu/ | á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu | ŞIRZI, §3 (Malatya) |
| *261.PUGNUS-ru-tú | KARKAMIŠ A13d, §8 (Karkamiš) | ||
| 3pl. impv. act. | /aruwaruntu/ | *261.PUGNUS-ru-tú | KARKAMIŠ A25a, §4 (Karkamiš) |
| unknown | *261.P[UGNUS]-ru[-…] | KARKAMIŠ A27ww, §2 (Karkamiš) |
The above list of attestations follows the views of Sasseville 2021a:371f., who tentatively adds all five occurrences of the verb 〈*261.PUGNUS-ru-〉 to /aruwaru-/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
As there is only one syllabically spelt attestation, the phonological form of the present lemma remains tentative, although the cognate link with CLuw. aruwaru- ‘to lift’ is highly likely. It is not entirely certain that the forms attested in Karkamiš actually belong to the same lexeme as the form from Malatya, although it is very probable. Thus the sign PUGNUS (sign *39) is not associated with an alternative syllabographic interpretation, but it is frequently used in words where it covers the initial syllable of a stem that would begin with an /a-/, e.g. /ari-/ ‘to raise’, and it is therefore reasonable to assume it to work along similar lines in the present case. The sign *261, on the other hand, has not so far been fixed with an interpretation, semantic or phonological.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Restricted to what appear to be building inscriptions, the lexeme is a transitive verb in all its contexts and pertains to some action in relation to the construction of the buildings, mostly temples. Alongside an accusative object, the clauses in question can include a beneficiary in the dative and/or a further indirect object in the abl./instr. For that reason, Hawkins 2000a:98 (relying solely on the Karkamiš attestations) suggests a tentative ‘to construct’, adding that a more precise meaning such as ‘to repair’ or ‘to adorn’ may be possible, but could not be proven. Connecting the form from ŞIRZI, §3, it seems indicated to fix the verb with a meaning that reflects its apparent connection with the HLuw. adverb /aru/ ‘highly’, cognate with the CLuw. and Hittite adjective /aru-/ ‘high’, i.e. ‘to erect’. The cognate link is suggested tentatively by Melchert 1993g:32, followed by Dempsey 2015a:242 and Sasseville 2021a:371f., still with different semantic interpretations such as ‘to lift’ and Hawkins 2000a’s ‘to construct’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The stem of the present lexeme appears to contain a reduplication of the base */aru(wa)-(i)/, as attested in Lyc. eruwe-(ti); Sasseville 2021a:486f. classifies this formation as a neo-root in /-u-/.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
aru(wa)ru-
‘to lift (?)’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested twice, once in a ritual from Ištanuwa (CTH 772) and once in a mythological text from the Tauriša tradition (MS).
[O.B.]
1.2.2Forms
| 1pl. pres. act. | a-ru-wa-ru-un-ni | KBo 4.11 obv. 29 | (CTH 772, NS) |
| part. nom. sg. c. | a-ru-u-ru-u-wa-am-mi-iš | KUB 35.108, 14’ | (CTH 765, MS) |
Note the wa-sign present in the Ištanuwa form a-ru-wa-ru-un-ni and not in a-ru-u-ru-u-wa-am-mi-iš.
[O.B.]
1.2.3Graphic Features
All forms have been checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[O.B.]
1.2.4Meaning
The finite form aruwarunni occurs with a direct object DUGḫaršiḪI.A ‘jars’, while the participle arūrūwammiš has no legible head noun (KI ‘earth’ is tentatively assumed to be the head noun in CLL:32, but the correct reading is actually KI.MIN!, see Rieken & Sasseville 2019a:524f with further references). On the basis of these attestations alone, a precise meaning is difficult to parse. However, on formal grounds, the semantics are likely connected to CLuw. aru- ‘high’. The cognate HLuw. verb /aruwaru(wa)-(i)/ takes a building as its direct object in all attestations, and has been suggested to mean something like ‘to construct’ (Hawkins 2000a:98, in light of Luw. aru- perhaps ‘to erect’). The usage of the Hieroglyphic Luwian cognate and the likely connection to a word meaning ‘high’ renders a meaning ‘to lift’ for the CLuw. aru(wa)ru- plausible (thus also CLL:32, Dempsey 2015a:242, Sasseville 2021a:371f). Such a meaning would be applicable in the attestation with a finite formation and legible direct object, i.e. DUGḫaršiḪI.A aruwarunni ‘we lift jars’.
[O.B.]
1.2.5Stem
According to Sasseville 2021a:372 and Dempsey 2015a:242, CLuw. aru(wa)ru- is the reduplicated version of *aru(wa)-(i), directly attested in Lyc. eruwe-(ti). CLuw. aru(wa)ru- would as such be a ḫi-conjugating verb. The base *aru(wa)-(i) would in turn be a deradical formation to a neo-root in -u-, ultimately related to CLuw. aru- ‘high’ (Sasseville 2021a:487).
[O.B.]
For the lemma head see CLuw. aru-.