/san(n)awi-/, sa-na-wa/i-
‘good(ness)’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, neuter
- ID
- 1741
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/san(n)awi-/, sa-na-wa/i-
‘good(ness)’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested 13 times, with nearly half of the evidence originating from the Karatepe bilingual inscription in Cilicia. Other locations are in Amuq, Karkamiš, Tabal, and a letter found in but not originating from Assur. The texts date to the 8th and early 7th centuries BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom./acc. sg. | /san(n)awi=sa/ | (BONUS)sa-na-wa/i-sa | TELL TAYINAT 2, l. 1 §iv (Amuq) |
| (BONUS)sa-na-wà/ì-sa | KARATEPE 1 Ho., §51 (Cilicia) | ||
| sa-na-wa/i-sa8 | KULULU 4, §12 (Tabal) | ||
| sa-na-wa/i-sá | KARATEPE 1 Hu., §51 (Cilicia) | ||
| /san(n)awiyan=za/ | sa-na-wa/i-ia-za | SULTANHAN, §18 (Tabal) | |
| nom./acc. pl. | /san(n)awiya/ | (“BONUS”)sa-na-wa/i-ia | KARATEPE 1 Hu., §6 (Cilicia) |
| (BONUS)sa-na-wa/i-ia | KARATEPE 1 Hu., §15 (Cilicia) | ||
| (“BONUS”)sa-na-wá/í-ia | KARATEPE 1 Ho., §15 (Cilicia) | ||
| sa-na-wa/i-ia | ASSUR letter e, §12 (Assur) | ||
| BONUS-na-wa/i-ia-a | VELİİSA, §2 (Tabal) | ||
| BONUS-na-wa/i-i[a... | KARKAMIŠ A 19m, l. 2 (Karkamiš) | ||
| BONUS-na-wá/-í[...] | KARATEPE 1 Ho., §6 (Cilicia) | ||
| unclear | (BONUS)[sa]-na-wa/i[... | KARKAMIŠ A 27nn, l. 2 (Karkamiš) |
The form 〈sa-na-wa/i-ia-za〉, attested in SULTANHAN, §18, is included here following Yakubovich 2016b:481; see the discussions of the phonological interpretation as well as the stem below.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Based on the adjective /san(n)awi-/ ‘good’, the present noun has the same phonological form. Its spelling is likewise consistent save for one point, because the lexeme faces similar challenges as the adjective regarding the shape of its stem. An old i-stem, it is prone to reanalysis, and an example of this is evident in the spelling 〈sa-na-wa/i-ia-za〉, attested in SULTANHAN, §18, which attests to a newly formed stem /san(n)awi(ya)-/ (Yakubovich 2016b:481).
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Attested as it is in the Karatepe bilingual inscription, the substantival use of /san(n)awi-/ could be fixed with a meaning early on, because it translates Phoenician nʿm ‘good(ness)’, cf. Steinherr 1948a:203. This interpretation quickly found general acceptance, and it is borne out by the contexts.
Outdated is the semantic interpretation offered by Starke 1990a:386, who assigned a more complex meaning as ‘concerning goodness’ (lit. “das Gute betreffen”) to the substantival use of the adjective /sannawi-/ ‘good’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The present lexeme is a neuter noun, derived from the adjective /san(n)awi-/ ‘good’ through conversion. Like the adjective, it is an i-stem, as evident in its nom./acc. sg. form /san(n)awi=sa/ with the neuter particle /-sa, -za/ attaching to the endingless stem. As i-stems are becoming increasingly rare in HLuw., /sannawi-/ has undergone reanalysis into a stem in /-i(ya)-/, visible in 〈sa-na-wa/i-ia-za〉, i.e. /san(n)awiyan=za/ in SULTANHAN, §18 and representing just one of the reinterpretation options (Yakubovich 2016b:481).
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head, see HLuw. /san(n)awi-/.