htta/e-
‘to be angry’
- Language
- Lycian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 955
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Lycian A
htta/e-
‘to be angry’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in various grave inscriptions from the city of Myra and surroundings.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| part. nom. pl. c. | httẽm͂ | |
| N 309d.13 (Myra) | ||
| httem͂ | N 304.11 (Sura) |
1.1.3Meaning
The phrase mãhãi httẽm se heledi : se : trbbãmara (N 309d 12-15) has been elucidated properly as ‘the gods are angry’, whence mãhãi is a nominative plural (thus with Neumann 1979b:262, Heubeck 1989a:52, DLL:26), not a genitive plural. This is confirmed by the other divine subjects, e.g. heledi (nom. pl), trbbãmara (nom. sg.). For an overview of the outdated literature see Neumann 2007a:104f.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Stem
Schürr 1997b:62f. recognizes rightly that httẽm̃ reflects an apocopated form of the participle *httẽmi and adduces further examples of apocope among participles (followed by DLL:26). The vowel -ẽ- in the syncopated form of the participle does not guarantee a verbal stem in -e-, rather one in -a- is also possible; cf. la- ‘to give’ vs. lẽm̃ ‘given’ (TL 44c.63).
[D.S.]
1.1.5Derivatives
1.2 Lycian B
stta/e-
‘to be(come) angry’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested on the inscribed pillar of Xanthos dated shortly after the ascension of Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. ind. med. | stt[ẽ/ã]ni | TL 44d.13-14 (Xanthos) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
The restoration of the vowel must be considered tentative. Since we expect a medio-passive verb here, the vowels ẽ or ã are the only possible options. For an argumentation in favor of the vowel ã see below. Schürr 1997b:62f. restores the vowel -ẽ- in stt[ẽ]ni based on sijẽni ‘he lies’. However, the medio-passive ending -ãni is also attested, e.g. maxani (TL 45b.10). Neumann 2007a:333 restores the vowel ã, i.e. stt[ã]ni.
[D.S.]
1.2.4Meaning
Schürr 1997b:62f. suggests a connection between Lycian A httẽm ‘angry’ and the Lycian B verb stt[.]ni and translates the latter accordingly, i.e. ‘to be angry’. Since the Storm-god and the gods are subject of the verb stt[.]ni, this semantic interpretation is surely correct. Melchert (DLL:129) accepts the semantic assignment of Schürr, but chooses the inchoative meaning ‘to become angry’.
[D.S.]
1.2.5Stem
Melchert (DLL:129) assumes that the original stem is stta-, i.e. stt[ã]ni, but that the vowel may have been colored to -ẽ- due to vowel harmony. His etymological comparison with the Lycian verb stta- ‘to stand’ (→ ‘to become angry’) is probably the reason behind his assumption.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
Neumann 2007a:105 suggests an etymological connection between Lyc. htte/a- (?) ‘to be angry’ and Hitt. šā(i)- ‘to become sullen, to be angry’. In this case, the Lycian verb would have to be interpreted as a denominative in -a-(ti) derived from a non-attested action noun *htta- c. (or *hata-). Differently, Melchert (DLL:26) assumes a connection with the Lycian A verb stta-(ti) ‘to stand’ and adduces Ger. ‘sich empören’ as semantic comparanda. Both possibilities must be considered tentative until further evidence has surfaced.
[D.S.]