/ubadid-/

This lexeme is attested three times in inscriptions from Tell Ahmar and Maraş, dating from the late 10^th to the mid-9^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

[A.P.]

The semantic interpretation of this word eluded scholars for a considerable time, not least because the logogram *274 has so far remained without an interpretation. The logogram also appears with the verb /hattall(a)i-^(di)/ ‘to subdue’ among others, which was at first difficult to reconcile with the contexts of attestation for /ubadid-/, cf. Laroche 1960c:144. The link to CLuw. upati(t)- ‘demesne’ was drawn by Hawkins 1980a:147, who suggested the present translation on that basis. This has since been followed by other scholars, e.g. Starke 1990a:196f., EDHIL:923 etc. TELL AHMAR 1, §8 is a good example of its use: *a-[wa/i-sa] *a-pa-[sa]-na (*274)u-pa-ti-ti (DOMINUS)na-ni-i-sa *a-sa-tá, approx. /a=wa=as abassan ubadidi nannis asta/, translating as ‘He was master of his demesne’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:240). It can also serve as an epithet to a deity name, see Hutter-Braunsar 2015a:213f.

[AH.B.]

The word is a neuter gender noun in /-id-/, likely deriving from an unattested abstract noun */upad(i)-/, cf. Yakubovich 2010d:232.

[AH.B.]

The attestations of upati(t)- and upati- are widely strewn across the genres, including treaties, instructions, cult inventories, festival texts, and historical narrative texts (from OS^? or MS^? onwards).

[E.R.]

nom./acc. sg.	ú-pa-ti	Bo 86/299 i 55, 58	(CTH 106, NS)
	ú-pa-ti	KBo 4.10 i 30’	(CTH 106, NS)
	ú-ba-a-ti	KUB 26.23 ii 5’	(CTH 263, NS)
gen. sg. (Hitt.)	ú-pa-ti-aš	KUB 48.105 i 23’, 26’	(CTH 529, NS)
	ú-pa-a-ti-ia-aš	KUB 48.105 ii 7	(CTH 529, NS)
	⸢ú-ba-ti-ia⸣-aš	KUB 51.26 ii 7’	(CTH 670, NS)
	ú-pa-ti-ia-aš	KUB 32.87 ii 20’	(CTH 646, MS)
	ú-ba-ti-ia-aš	KBo 3.34 ii 25	(CTH 8, NS)
dat./loc. sg. (Hitt.)	ú-ba-ti-ia	KBo 2.12 vi 3’, 7’	(CTH 635, NS)
	ú-ba-ti-ia	KUB 36.100 ii 7’ (bis)	(CTH 14, OS? or MS?)
	ú-pa-a-ti-i[a]	KBo 31.189 i 2’	(CTH 646, MS?)
	ú-ba-ti-ia	KUB 36.100 ii 7’	(CTH 14, OS? or MS?)
dat./loc. sg.	ú-ba-a-ti	KBo 7.14 10’, 11’	(CTH 14, OS? or MS?)
nom./acc. pl. n.	ú-pa-a-tiḪI.A	KUB 13.9 i 11’	(CTH 258, NS)
unclear	LÚ.MESú-ba	KUB 46.17 iv 8	(CTH 529, NS)

Note the special shape of the gloss wedges at KBo 4.10 Vs. 30’ written over two horizontal wedges without erasure.

If complete and without any need for correction, the unclear form ^LÚ.MEŠú-ba (see Starke 1990a:195 n. 641) would belong to a different lexeme.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.

[E.R.]

The meaning of the word was discussed at great length in Starke 1990a:195-198, Beal 1992a:539-550, and HEG U:79-83 (with references), and it has become clear that it denotes some kind of territory, whereas the lú^MEŠ upatiyaš ‘the men of the upati- land’ represent functionaries assigned to this territory, who provide land and nam.ra people (Pecchioli Daddi 1982a:563). Also, the lexeme upati- itself refers to a military unit levied from an upati(t)-, metonymically (see also Yakubovich 2010d:232).

[E.R.]

The allomorphic stem upati(t)- n. vs. upati- (probably c.) is typical for the Luwian neuter nouns ending in the denominal suffix -i(t)- borrowed into Hittite and often adapted to the Hittite i-stem nouns (Starke 1990a:152f., followed in DCL:s.v.). However, the alternative type of adaptation, viz. their transfer into stems in -ita- c., does not seem to have been used for Luw. upati(t)-. The assumed base *upata- or *upat(i)-, an action noun deriving from upa-⁽ⁱ⁾ ‘to provide’ (CLL:243, followed by Yakubovich 2010d:232, DCL:s.v.), is not attested so far.

[E.R.]

1. PN Upatiaḫšu (Laroche 1966b:298, HEG U:82; cf. also Kloekhorst 2019b:61f., 95, 195: via Hittite)

1. upatitalla/i-
2. ú-pa-ti-ia-⸢al⸣-l[i^?- (KBo 13.173 i 5’)

For the stem variation (-i(t)- n. and -i- c.), which betrays the word’s Luwian origin, see under Meaning. Moreover, the verbal base uba-⁽ⁱ⁾ ‘to provide’ occurs in Luwian as well as Lycian and Carian), but not in Hittite. Finally, as Kloekhorst 2019b:195 n. 245 points out, the spelling with the BA sign points to a borrowing. Luwian origin is also assumed in DLL:102, Carruba 1978a:864 n. 13, Starke 1990a:195-198, CLL:243, HHw:186, Melchert 2003b:198, Melchert 2005a:448, van den Hout 2006a:240, HEG U:79-83, Yakubovich 2010d:233f., Giusfredi, Matessi & Pisaniello 2023a:78, DCL:s.v.).

[E.R.]

The lexeme occurs in Ugaritic cadaster-like lists. The representative sample below is taken from del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:7.

[E.R.]

As Starke 1990a:198 points out, the almost fully consistent spellings with voiced stops confirm the lenis consonants expressed by the spelling with singleton stops in Luwian.

[E.R.]

See del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:7 with references (cf. also Starke 1990a:198, Yakubovich 2005a:247, EDHIL:923, HEG U:82).

[E.R.]

For the Stem, see under Luwian upati(t)- in Hittite transmission.

[E.R.]

1. ubdit f. ‘share-cropping, leasing system, tenancy’ (del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:6)
2. updt f. ‘share-cropping (plot)’ (del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:89)

Starke 1990a:198 claims that the Luwian dental stem upati(t)- was borrowed into Ugaritic via the Hittite adapted i-stem upati-, which is likely, but given the regular Luwian nom./acc. sg. form *upati, there are no formal grounds for this assumption (undecided also Neu 1995a:128).

[E.R.]

For the lemma head see CLuw. uba-⁽ⁱ⁾.