*seh₂-En-

There is general agreement that Hitt. šaḫḫan- ‘service, fief’ and its Luwian cognate are built to a root *seh₂- meaning ‘to bind’, cognate to the root of Hitt. išḫāi-/-i(ya)-^(ḫi) ‘to bind’ (Eichner 1988a:134, HEG S:696). Zucha 1988a:160f. reconstructs a proterokinetic paradigm for the n-stem (cf. Rieken 1999a:286f., Kimball 1999a:396f., EDHIL:691f.). One should compare also Melchert 2007-2008a:188, who suggests a neuter stem in *-men-/-mn̥ instead, with loss of the first nasal. In any case, the presence of this n-stem in Luwian and Lycian allows us to posit its formation for the Proto-Anatolian stage.

Furthermore, Oettinger 1992a:235 adduces the reduplicated formation šešḫa-/šešḫ-^(ḫi) ‘to decide, appoint, order’, as a reduplication from the original unextended root *seh₂-. For the additional root shape *sh₂eh₁-, see Pal. išḫa-, its derivative and its reconstruction.

[D.S.]

The PIE root *seh₂- (also extended to *seh₂i̯-, *sh₂eh₁-, cf. below sub Morphological Reconstruction) means ‘to bind, tie’.

PIE *seh₂- ‘to bind, tie’ in its unextended shape underlies nominal formations such as Hitt. šaḫḫan- n. ‘service, fief’For the meaning, cf. also EDHIL:691: “a kind of obligation, service or payment due from land tenants to the real owners of the land”., CLuw. šaḫḫan- n. ‘id.’ < PAnat. *seh₂-En-. This can go back to pre-PAnat. *séh₂-n̥/*sh₂-én- (Rieken 1999a:287, EDHIL:692), whose weak stem form *sh₂-én- might also furnish the derivational base of Hitt. išḫanittar- c. ‘relative by marriage’ (as per EDHIL:394f.) unless the latter was based on a stem Hitt. *išḫān- < *sh₂ah₁-(o)n- < *sh₂eh₁-(o)n-, which was derived from the extended root variant *sh₂eh₁- (see below), as argued by Sasseville 2021a:438 with n. 53. Somewhat differently Melchert 2007-2008a:188, who traces Hitt. šaḫḫan-, CLuw. šaḫḫan- back to a neuter men-stem noun *séh₂-mn̥, gen. sg. *sh₂-mn-és: “The latter was reduced regularly to *sh₂n-V- (whence the išḫan- in išḫanittar-). The nom.-acc. was leveled to *séh₂-n̥, and this was then generalized in šaḫḫan- […].” Cf. also above sub PAnat. Reconstruction, where furthermore Hitt. šešḫa-/šešḫ-^(ḫi) ‘to decide, appoint, order’ is mentioned, which might be another derivative of PIE *seh₂- ‘to bind, tie’, according to Oettinger 1992a:235. Outside the Anatolian languages, Ved. sā- in (áva, ví) sā- aor. ‘to unloose, loosen, unyoke, unharness’ and (áva, ví) s_(i)yá-^ti pres. ‘id.’ used to be connected with PIE *seh₂- ‘to bind, tie’ as well, cf. EWAia II:720f. However, the Vedic forms are now rather assigned to the PIE root *seh₁(i̯)- ‘to release, loosen’ (cf. Kümmel 2000a:549f., LIV²:518 s.v. 1.*seh₁(i̯)- with n. 3 and 544 s.v. *sh₂ei̯- with n. 1). Finally, PIE *seh₂- is likely to have two extended root variants, viz. PIE *seh₂i̯- (and/or *sh₂ei̯-, see below) and *sh₂eh₁-, both meaning ‘to bind, tie’ as well. For the latter, cf. sub PAnat. *sh₂óh₁-/sh₂h₁-´. The i̯-extended root variant *seh₂i̯- (cf. typologically PIE *peh₃- beside *peh₃i̯- ‘to drink’, see LIV²:462f. s.v. *peh₃(i̯)-) or *sh₂ei̯- is required by numerous forms attested in the IE languages; cf., among others, Ved. sétu- m. ‘band, fetter, dam, bridge’ < *sái̯-tu- < *séh₂i-tu- or *sh₂éi̯-tu- or ON seil ‘rope’, OE sāl ‘id.’, etc. < PGerm. *sai̯la/ō- < pre-PGerm. *seh₂i-lo-/-leh₂- or *sh₂ei̯-lo-/-leh₂-. Pre-consonantally, the zero-grade root *sh₂i- was metathesized to *sih₂-, which forms the basis of, e.g., the nasal-infixed present Ved. sinā́-^ti < *si-né-h₂- (EWAia II:721). Furthermore, the metathesized zero-grade form *sih₂- could have given rise to a new full grade *sei̯h₂-. On the other hand, the unmetathesized zero-grade form *sh₂i- gave rise to a new full-grade root *sh₂ei̯-. For further formations based on PIE *seh₂(i̯)-, cf. IEW:891f.

[T.S.]

Ved. sinā́-^ti pres. ‘to tie up, fetter’, ā́ siṣāya perf. ‘keeps tied up’ (RV 10.28.10), ?séva-^te pres. ‘to stay, linger, dwell (on sth.)’If from *‘to tie oneself to sth.’, as per LIV²:544 n. 2a., setár- m. ‘one who ties up, fetters’ (RV 7.84.2), sétu- m. ‘band, fetter, dam, bridge’ (RV+), etc.; OAv. ā-hišāiiā perf. ‘keeps tied up’ (Y 29.1), YAv. haētu- m. ‘dam’, etc.Cf., e.g., EWAia II:720f. s.v. SĀ, 745 s.v. sétu-, 747 s.v. SEV, LIV²:544, EDIV:135f. s.v. *hHai (cf. LIV²⁺ s.v. *sh₂ei̯-).

Myc. a-ja-me-no /ai̯(h)ā̆i̯meno-/ part. perf. midd. ‘inlaid’,With semantic specialization: ‘to inlay’ < ‘to fix’ < ‘to bind’, cf. LIV²:544 n. 11 (with lit.), EDG:590.Gk. ἱμάς, -άντος m. ‘leather strap (for drawing, lashing, etc.); thong (of a sandal, door, etc.); beam (as a term of construction)’ (Il.+)Cf., e.g., GEW I:724f., LIV²:544 with n. 11 and further lit., EDG:589f.

Lat. saeta f. ‘hair (of an animal), bristle; fishing rod’ (Plaut.+), saeculum n. ‘lifetime, age, century’ (Plaut.+)Cf., e.g., WH II:460f. s.v. saeculum, 462 s.v. saeta, EDLIL:533 s.v. saeculum, 533f. s.v. saeta. For the semantics of Lat. saeculum and PCelt. *sai̯tlo- (MW hoedl ‘lifetime, age’, etc.), cf. Watkins 2011a:75b s.v. sai-² in the attached language-and-culture note.

MW hoedl, hoedyl f. ‘age, lifetime’, OBret. hoidl, hoedl m. ‘id.’, etc.; MW hud m./f. ‘magic’, MBret. hud ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDPC:324f. s.v. *saytlo-, 352 s.v. *soyto-.

ON seil f. ‘rope’, OE sāl m./f. ‘rope, tether’, OS sēl n. ‘rope’, ModHG Seil n. ‘id.’, etc., and cf. also Goth. in-sailjan ‘to rope up’; ON seli m. ‘strap, harness’, OHG silo m. ‘id.’, ModHG Siele f. ‘straps of the draft animals’, etc.; ON sími m. ‘band, rope’, OE sīma m. ‘id.’, OS sīmo m. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., de Vries 1977a:476 s.v. sími, Kluge & Seebold 2011a:840 s.v. Seil, 848 s.v. Siele, EDPG:422 s.v. *saila/ō-.

Lith. siẽti vb. ‘to bind, link’, Latv. sìet vb. ‘to bind, tie’; OPr. larga-saytan m. ‘strap, belt’, Lith. saĩtas m. ‘tie, leash, cord’, siẽtas m. ‘tie’, Latv. saĩte f. ‘string, cord, tie, leash’Cf., e.g., EDBIL:386 s.v. saitas, 397f. s.v. sieti, ALEW II:883 s.v. saĩtas.

OCS silo n. ‘noose, snare’, ORuss. silo n. ‘id.’, etc.; OCz. sít m. ‘twining’, Slov. sît m. ‘rush’; OCS sětĭ f. ‘snare, trap’, Russ. set’ f. ‘net’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDSIL:448 s.v. *sětь, 450 s.v. *sīdlò, 451 s.v. *sítъ.